Pros and cons of abortion to the society

Introduction For a very long time now the issue of abortion has been one of the most controversial and problems on the planet pitying two major sides. On one side pro-lifers insist that it is immoral and amounts to murdering an innocent child while pro-abortionists argue that is just a form of birth control and there is absolutely nothing wrong with it as all children should be born when they are wanted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and cons of abortion to the society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The numerous legislations, policies by governments and even hard-line stands by some organizations like the church have over time made this subject more controversial instead of offering solutions, and at one point one may argue that there would never be a consensus on the abortion issue. The debate on abortion is likely to go on for several years unless the sturdy stands taken by both pro-lifers and anti-abo rtionists are softened. Those for or against abortion have to find ways of accommodating the views of each other regarding the issue. This paper will evaluate the issues surrounding the abortion debate while at the same time seek to find solutions to the conflicting ideas. Pros of abortion There are several arguments that one forward in support of abortion. First of all, any birth of a child should occur when the parents want and not by chance (Potts et al. 229). This way it would go a long way in assisting the world to have an environment where all children that are born in this world have an environment conducive for proper development. There is no need for inflating the world with many children who cannot have access to basic needs like adequate clothing, food, shelter, and education. It should also be noted that when a person decides to carry out an abortion it is not out of her dislike for children but because she feels that it would not be a wise decision to proceed with the p regnancy as it is still not yet the right time to have a baby (Potts et al. 229). In the case of rape or incest, keeping a pregnancy is very traumatizing to the person raped as no one would wish to keep a child that is a result of this, and the best solution to this problem would be to abort the unborn child. For the case of rape, the emotional effects of the occurrence are too traumatizing and take time to heal, and some rape victims do not recover at all. Adding a child to the rape victim is like adding more salt to a wound and would be a constant reminder that is likely to add more emotional trauma to the victim (Khoster 35).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many studies on the morality or immoralities of abortion have found that some of those against the morality of abortion tend to agree that it is acceptable to abort a pregnancy that is a result of rape. For instance, the gulp poll carried out in Canada found only 13% of the respondents were against the practice completely while interestingly a whopping 65% were of the view that it is acceptable to abort an unwanted pregnancy in certain conditions like if it is a result of rape (Flanagan 130) There has also been an unending debate on the exact time that a fetus acquires life and becomes a person with rights and ability to have feelings (Sather 159). Sather further argues that before the 24th– 28th week, the fetus has not yet acquired human features and it does not amount to murder if you perform an abortion before this time. Pro-lifers led by the Catholic Church insist that life begins at conception and anyone who is found guilty of having performed an abortion could be excommunicated from the church because of committing murder (Kohmescher 137). That is not all several studies when life stars in the case of an unborn child have resulted in conflicting dates. The impending standoff as to, when a person can and cannot have an abortion, have left it possible for anyone to conduct an abortion. It is not clear as to when life begins, and as so long as a woman feels that she cannot have a baby, she has the freedom to do it since it is not yet clear when the life of a person begins. Sometimes complications can occur to a pregnancy that may put the life of the mother or unborn child in danger and even at times all of them. In this case, abortion ought to be permitted to save the physical health of the mother although some of those advocating for abortion have often argued that the mental health of the mother ought to be included when talking about health (white Baldwin 113). At this point, the life of the mother is given first consideration as the fetus cannot survive without the mother, and in any case, the chances are that the mother can always get other children if she wants, but there is no way a fetus can survive on its leave alone getting other parents which is impossible.Advertis ing We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and cons of abortion to the society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cons of abortion Several disadvantages of abortion are argued out by pro-lifers. Most of the books on the subject are mostly in support of the drawbacks of abortion as compared to the advantages. According to Koster abortion is only a temporary and irrational decision that make women feel that they have gotten some relief to an unwanted child against chances of permanent loss of infertility (Koster 304). She further argues that although removing an unwanted pregnancy may somehow offer relief to the woman the possibility of becoming infertile especially if an unqualified person performed the operation is very significant and once you lose your fertility there is zero chance that you will regain it. Even when performed by a qualified medical doctor there is a chance that complications may arise like in some medical p rocedures and if this happens, you could definitely lose your fertility. In fact, interviews conducted on women who had complications when performing an abortion revealed that a majority of them had lost the ability to conceive or hard a miscarriage (Koster 304) The relief that one feels after procuring an abortion is usually short-lived, and it dies after some time leading to a permanent feeling of guilt and sadness. In fact, in most of the times, this feeling of relief is just a deliberate attempt by the psychology of a person to delete the sense of guilt and shame that creeps in immediately one procures an abortion (Holman 321). Holman further adds that although most of the legislation and policies concerning abortion allow the practice in the case of schoolgirls the idea that you once killed part of you is not likely to go away and will haunt you forever. A lot of pro-lifers would equate abortion to murder, and it is therefore morally wrong and should be outlawed. Genovesi defin es murder as an intentional act of taking away the life of a human being (Genovesi 340). Fro this he further adds that since the fetus of a person has life, then taking it away will amount to killing it, which is the same as murder. Of course from this reason arguments are bound to arise as to when the life of a person actually begins. To all Christians led by the Catholic Church, it is completely unacceptable to allow a person to take away another person’s life for whichever reason and at whatever stage in life as it is still murder.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The late Pope John Paul is on record as having condemned the practice and even stating that it would threaten the freedom and dignity of humankind as it promotes a culture of accepting death as a normal thing (Zastrow Kirst 82) Procuring an abortion is not the only solution in the event of unwanted pregnancy as the child could also be put to adoption. It is estimated that in all married couples in the United States alone, between 10% -15% of them do not have the ability to have children (Grunlan 217). This figure is so high that more and more Americans are turning to other countries overseas in order to get children of their own and as Grunlan further adds; this figure has been increasing in the recent years as more mothers turn to abortion as a way of controlling birth. Furthermore, as Zastrow Kirst add, in this age where there are so many available contraceptive methods; there should be very minimal unwanted pregnancies that warrant the need to abort a baby who has already been conceived (Zastrow Kirst 82). Relationship between abortion and the course on religion The main concern in the abortion controversy is whether it is morally and ethically right or wrong. Ethics and morality are significantly discussed in unit one of the course. In unit one, the main issue discussed is how to know what is right and what is wrong. As argued by Aristotle in part of the course, to become ethical he should first reason well and have good character, and total happiness can only be achieved if people are noble. The abortion debate centers on ethics in that while those who are for abortion argue that it offers a solution to lots of problems that could be brought about by having unwanted children, those against it argue that this relief is only temporary. Unit three of the course is mainly on how to live a good life as Christians. In this essential part, the unit deals on acceptable Christian virtues and values. One such virtue is having unconditional love towards others. O n abortion, it is argued that when one performs an abortion automatically, she does not have love for that child regardless of the conditions. Moreover, all Christians should preserve human life and have respect for Gods creations, and failure to do so is a sin. People are also supposed to think critically of their actions and be held accountable to these actions, and, as discussed in the unit, they should avoid searching for quick-fix solutions to problems facing them. The Catholic Church has been the most vocal in speaking against abortion for a long time, and as it stands, there is no chance that this sturdy stand will be reverted. In the book Catholic morality and human sexuality, the author argues that immediately after fertilization, the resulting zygote has human features and should be respected as a human being. Removing it from the uterus amounts to murder (Genovesi 344). Furthermore, if you reject human life at any point, it is like rejecting God as humans are created in t he image of God (Ferrara Ireland 20). Accepting abortion has been argued by the church as accepting a culture of death and living without Jesus Christ as it amounts t killing an innocent creature of God who has not yet performed any sin. Even in cases of rape or incest, the church does not permit abortion (Kohmescher 138). In this case, a woman may seek treatment immediately after the incident but not abortion weeks after the incident, and even if the pregnancy is a threat to human life, there should be an attempt to save both lives human lives are sacred and equal before God an none is unique to the other. Conclusion As it stands today, it seems the debate on abortion will not come to an end soon. The stands taken by both the pro-abortionists and anti-abortionists are so rigid, and there have not been any attempts to build a consensus. For instance, the church will certainly not relent on its claim that abortion is murder and therefore a capital sin while pro-abortionists argue th at having a child should be a choice. The conflicting policies by different governments regarding the issue have added more controversy to this subject instead of offering guidelines. There should be efforts to provide a clear policy on this issue that would be acceptable in the whole world through an international body like the United Nations. Apart from that the church and other organizations that are anti-abortion ought to soften their stand in some incidences like rape which are too traumatizing. Works Cited Ferrara, Jennifer Ireland, Patricia. The catholic mystique: fourteen women find fulfillment in the Catholic Church. Huntington: Sunday visitor publishing, 2004. Print Flanagan, Thomas. Game theory and Canadian politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Print Genovesi, Vincent. In pursuit of love: Catholic morality and human sexuality. Minnesota: Hutts Publishing, 2002. Print Grunlan, Stephen. Marriage and the family. Michigan: Zondervan. 1983. Print Holman, Thoma s. The family in the new millennium. Westport: Praeger Publishers. 2007. Print liturgical press, 1996. Print Khoster, Winnie. Women and abortion in the Yoruba society, Nigeria. Amsterdam: Aksant academic publishers, 2003. Print Kohmescher, Matthew. Catholicism today: a survey of Catholic belief and practice the third edition. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1999. Print Potts, Malcolm, Diggory Peter Peel John. Abortion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Print Sather, Trevor. Pros and cons: a debaters handbook 18th edition. London: Routledge, 1999. Print White, Stuart Baldwin, Timothy. Legal and ethical aspects of anesthesia, critical care, and preoperative medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2004. Print Zastrow, Charles Kirst, Karen. Understanding human behavior and the social environment: 8th edition. Belmont: Brookscole, 2007. Print This essay on Pros and cons of abortion to the society was written and submitted by user Romeo U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Oedipus the King Essay Example

Oedipus the King Essay Example Oedipus the King Essay Oedipus the King Essay When given a prophecy, most accept it and live their lives accordingly. From day one everyone did all possible to prove Oedipus’s prophesy wrong, and did all possible to prevent it. Oedipus left his family in route for a new fresh life. Oedipus was naive in disregarding his prophecy, proving that the human race is sheltered from what they see and what they chose to believe. Despite knowing of his prophecy since birth, Oedipus lives his life naive of his foreshadowed destiny. Though countless hints and warnings, Oedipus continues to see past the truth of his prophecy, and only believes what benefits him directly. Oedipus summoned Teiresia to come to Thebes, to help Oedipus solve the mystery of Laius, but ends up setting himself up for his own demise. Teiresia tries to evade telling Oedipus who was responsible, but found himself unable. Though Oedipus knew of his fate and was being told of his past, he still was horrified that someone could accuse him of such a crime. Oedipus was unable to see the reality of this situation; instead he created his own fantasy about prevailing situation. By moving away from his, or what he though was his, family, Oedipus thought he was debunking his prophecy and fate. Feeling so mighty in saving the city and dodging his fate, Oedipus actually made himself small and blind and imperceptive, to what a real man would see and accept. But by, attempting to prove his innocence he actually bought about his own fall. Jocasta to gives Oedipus hints to his true past, but because he is unable to comprehend anything but his idea of the truth, he continues his search of the murderer. Oedipus brings on his own demise by being blinded to what everyone is clearly drawing for him. He is not ready to accept fate or his role in the murder, for he is still in a sense blind to reality. Oedipus, fearing he has murdered a king and his own father, suddenly begins to put the puzzle pieces together, revealing that he indeed murdered his father, Laius. Gorging his eyeballs out and blinding himself was the only way for Oedipus to have a clear vision of reality. Oedipus could not grasp sleeping with his wife and mother, fathering his children and siblings, and murdering his father and king; therefore he had to abandon his resurrected â€Å"life†. Oedipus begged Creon to â€Å"Get rid of me quickly. Deport me To some empty waste land†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Finally excepting his fate, Oedipus wants to go into the mountains where he can die, as he was supposed to do. By blinding himself to the truth for so long, he made it impossible for Jocasta to live, and his children to live normally. By being naive to his fate, Oedipus not only found his demise but compromised the life of the three closest to him. This shows the human race’s refusal to believe anything that would hinder there well being. Oedipus felt superior to the gods, to the oracles, and to fate leading to him overall failure. By being blind, to all that is not rationally seen, we close our minds to the world. Oedipus lived his life closed minded to any thought other than his successful avoidance of his prophecy, therefore missing all the clues that led him straight to it. When we close our minds to anything out of the ordinary, or any thought unlike the desired belief, we create a jaded and fictional reality. If Oedipus had initially accepted his fate, or listened to the truth of Laius’s death, he would have saved the life of his wife and the humility of his two children. Being naive to what is destined to happen causes Oedipus to be blind to what was made very obvious to him. Ironically, he needed to be blinded to see and understand what was so clearly drawn out in front of him.

Effects of the Book Uncle Tom's Cabin on American history Research Paper

Effects of the Book Uncle Tom's Cabin on American history - Research Paper Example Clare, Tom Locker, Simon Legree, George, Emmeline and Cassy. The book depicts how slaves such as Uncle Tom and Eliza experienced a lot of suffering due to their strong Christian beliefs in a slave society. In the book, the black slaves try to liberate themselves from slavery by taking up Christian beliefs or escaping to Canada. The book highly depicts various beliefs that people had during the days of slavery, and the experience blacks had during the struggle against slavery. In essence, the book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† acted as a blue print, which helped in overcoming the issue of slavery that was experienced by blacks in America. This paper will explain why and how the book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† had a profound effect on American history. Through this book, â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† was very instrumental when it came to the issue of slave abolition, which ultimately affected the American history. The book made individuals and most importa ntly, slaves became aware of the fact that abolition of slavery, becoming free and earning human rights was possible. The book became popular, and in the process influenced the way individuals thought about slavery. The influence the book had on the American people made one region of America, which is the Northern States abolish slavery. The people Southern States of America who still had the desire of embracing slavery did not appreciate this act (Stowe & Douglass 42). In essence, this book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† can be considered as being a great mastermind behind the civil war that was witnessed in America between the Northern and Southern States. One of the greatest and bloodiest wars that were witnessed in American history is the civil war, which has its origins intertwined with the book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin†. There are statements, which depict that the former President, Abraham Lincoln in 1962 told the writer of the book â€Å"Uncle Tomâ€℠¢s Cabin†, Stowe that she was the ingenious woman who initiated the civil war between the southerners and the northerners. That was a strong statement, which helped in exemplifying how the book, â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† affected American history. The book had a tremendous effect on America’s history because it featured the lives of characters who were truly suffering with no reason. This fact made the readers become empathetic towards the people who were subjected to slavery. It is clear to understand that the Northerners were highly affected by the books contents and as a result, the authorities came out with the announcement of making slavery unlawful (Stowe 56). The book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† affected American history, by making the events in the book seem real and personal to the face of readers. All those negative circumstances that Uncle Tom and his colleagues experienced instilled the idea of antislavery in the minds of people who r ead the book and pictured the scenario. People who read the book became empathetic, after they pictured how their normal lives would be greatly depleted if slavery would be part of their societal norms. The book further showed how family values were something that did not have any worth at all when it came to slavery. This was when Eliza and her son are forced to escape to Canada and leave behind George, in order to avoid being sold to a different slave owner as a settlement of debt

Feminist and Virtue theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Feminist and Virtue theory - Essay Example In 2007, Preston delineated the advantages or usefulness of virtue theory. Virtue theory has put emphasis on character-building which can be useful in everyday morality. It is also applied to the ethic of role and professional ethics, checks other cognitive style approaches to allow a place for feelings, roles, and relationships of ethic of care, serves as a tool in core community values identification, and provides basis for cultivating virtues and moral education among the youth. The relationship between virtue theory and feminist ethics has been identified. Now that we have understood virtue theory, let us have a specific view of feminist ethics which had gain popularity during the time of Carol Gilligan. Gilligan differentiate the social formation and role among men and women. She stated that men have abstract thinking which sees moral problems arising from conflicts and solves it by appealing to the rights of the individual. On the other hand, women focus on specific situation, seeing moral problems arising from the needs in relationships and solve it through moral obligation and appealing the rights of others(Preston, 47).

The factors affectingthe resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

The factors affectingthe resistance of a wire Essay An investigation into the factors affecting the resistance of a wire Outline: Start with a simple paragraph saying what you are going to do. Factors affecting resistance of a wire: Material, Temperature, Length and Cross-sectional area Material is the same (constantan) and we are trying to keep the temperature constant. (you need to say this) Length and cross sectional areas will be varied. This needs to be done in two separate experiments (Fair Test) Length and cross-sectional area are the independent (input) variables. The dependent variable (output) is the resistance Science (essential). Use a textbook/internet/secondary source to find this information. Say where you found it, it must be relevant to GCSE! Detailed knowledge will get the higher marks. Ohms Law which gives the relationship between the resistance, voltage and current. Give units and equations (show correctly) How resistance is related to length (draw a picture, it can also be used as your prediction). Back it up with an explanation (longer path for electrons) How resistance is related to cross-section (draw a picture, it can also be used as your prediction). Note, there are two plots here! Back up with explanation (more pathways). Prediction: Say what you are doing and use your science to back it up Safety: The experiment should be safe and you will follow safe laboratory practice Equipment: At a glance you might well need: crocodile clips, power supply, voltmeter, ammeter, variable resistor, leads, constantan wire, meter rule, micrometer (to measure wire thickness). Include a circuit diagram. Remember you might need to change equipment after the preliminary experiment. Say what any equipment is used for. Preliminary Experiment: The purpose is to see if your method is suitable to test your prediction, make sure things work and make any changes. You will need to record these results and plot things. Use this information carefully and mention if you make no changes or changes. If the preliminary data looks sensible, then you are on the right track. Repeating Measurements: The same idea as for Chemistry, there needs to be enough different lengths (5 min) and cross-sections (5 min). Measurements need repeating and checking. If a particular set of data is not looking good, discard it and take another measurement. You ideally want 3 sets of similar data! Precision: Voltages, currents, resistances, lengths and wire thickness need to be recorded and presented to the correct level of precision. Say what ranges data will be collected over etc. Data Tables and Plots: Must have clear and correct units, titles, etc. These can be presented using spreadsheets. Plots must be done on graph paper (not computer). Must cover more than half of sheet and have suitable axes. Graphs must be correctly labelled and the points should be crosses drawn in pencil. Best fit-lines should also be shown. Seek help on this if not sure. References: Most likely you found out things, say where you found this information. Fair Test: Absolutely crucial to show. In a fair test you only allow one thing to vary.

Music Played Key Role in US Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Role of Mus

Music was used as a critical instrument in the early 20th century in mobilizing and inspiring the civil rights movement by giving them more voice to bring out their grievances. According to Kerk (2007, p.18) Martin Luther king was the most prolific figure who utilized music to sensitize society, â€Å"we believe that freedom songs play a big and vital part in the struggle that we are going through† this words were also echoed by the Albany movement â€Å"music keeps us a live, it gives us a sense of unity, new courage every dawn, hope to move on that the future still holds something in our most daring and dreadful hours† Development of Music The 20th century was a century which United States had great influence in the world of music across the globe. America was the birth place of most influential music, from jazz to rock which was promoted by the q7uality of technology like radio and phonographs. Advanced technology ensured fast distribution of music to Americans and all-round the globe. 20th century also brought African Americans and their music culture which was more practiced by slaves. However, even before the African American s came into music, blues music was already evolving leading to development of other genres like country music, jazz to rock and classical music. Soul music came up as a result of rock and roll from the African American gospel, rhythm and blues. As the century grew bands were created like the bubblegum pop band comprised of blacks who created new fusion of R&B and hip hop music that is still embraced till now. Rap music evolved from the Blues, rap music was made up of deep rhythms and autobiographical lyrics. Music nurtured the African American tradition and their struggle towards equality the same cent... ...its songs. Montgomery, Ala: NewSouth Books. Kirk, J. (2007). Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement: controversies and debates. Basingstoke New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Monson, I. (2010).Freedom sounds : civil rights call out to jazz and Africa. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. Menkart, D., Murray, A. & View, J. (2004). Putting the movement back into civil rights teaching: a resource guide for K-12 classrooms. Washington, D.C: Teaching for Change and the Poverty & Race Research Action Council. Roy, W. (2010). Reds, whites, and blues social movements, folk music, and race in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Schneider, M. (2002). We return fighting : the civil rights movement in the Jazz Age. Boston: Northeastern University Press Various. (2005). The Civil Rights Movement. City: Morgan Reynolds Pub. Music Played Key Role in US Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Role of Mus Music was used as a critical instrument in the early 20th century in mobilizing and inspiring the civil rights movement by giving them more voice to bring out their grievances. According to Kerk (2007, p.18) Martin Luther king was the most prolific figure who utilized music to sensitize society, â€Å"we believe that freedom songs play a big and vital part in the struggle that we are going through† this words were also echoed by the Albany movement â€Å"music keeps us a live, it gives us a sense of unity, new courage every dawn, hope to move on that the future still holds something in our most daring and dreadful hours† Development of Music The 20th century was a century which United States had great influence in the world of music across the globe. America was the birth place of most influential music, from jazz to rock which was promoted by the q7uality of technology like radio and phonographs. Advanced technology ensured fast distribution of music to Americans and all-round the globe. 20th century also brought African Americans and their music culture which was more practiced by slaves. However, even before the African American s came into music, blues music was already evolving leading to development of other genres like country music, jazz to rock and classical music. Soul music came up as a result of rock and roll from the African American gospel, rhythm and blues. As the century grew bands were created like the bubblegum pop band comprised of blacks who created new fusion of R&B and hip hop music that is still embraced till now. Rap music evolved from the Blues, rap music was made up of deep rhythms and autobiographical lyrics. Music nurtured the African American tradition and their struggle towards equality the same cent... ...its songs. Montgomery, Ala: NewSouth Books. Kirk, J. (2007). Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement: controversies and debates. Basingstoke New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Monson, I. (2010).Freedom sounds : civil rights call out to jazz and Africa. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. Menkart, D., Murray, A. & View, J. (2004). Putting the movement back into civil rights teaching: a resource guide for K-12 classrooms. Washington, D.C: Teaching for Change and the Poverty & Race Research Action Council. Roy, W. (2010). Reds, whites, and blues social movements, folk music, and race in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Schneider, M. (2002). We return fighting : the civil rights movement in the Jazz Age. Boston: Northeastern University Press Various. (2005). The Civil Rights Movement. City: Morgan Reynolds Pub.

Psychoanalytic Case Study of Preston Essay

Preston was concerned over his aggressive behavior towards other males in and outside of the home. He had frequent altercations with his brother, both of whom lived with their parents. Preston was adopted at a very young age. This was a major cause of his recent issues. He feared that his emotions would progressively get worse, and that something detrimental would happen. In accordance with psychoanalysis, Preston was allowed to explore these issues through free association. Preston was shown that his subconscious had been concealing issues related to his early adoption. Preston was shown constructive ways to deal with these issues. Preston continues to make progress in this area, and is exhibiting less signs of his previous issues. Psychoanalytic Case Study of: Preston A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan The individual in this case study presents a multitude of symptoms that are affecting his daily life. The individual has many factors from his childhood that would contribute to these issues. This study goes to show how the subject’s childhood has a direct relationship to the issues that he is currently experiencing. The identification of these issues is necessary in order for treatment to be successfully implemented. Presenting Concerns Preston presents himself as suffering from multiple issues that affect his daily life. He claims to have issues with forming any relationships with other males. He states that he is overtly competitive when dealing with these other males. His biggest issues arise when dealing with his brother. Preston was adopted at a very young age, and has always had issues getting along with this brother. This aggression has moved from just dealing with his brother to all males in general. There have been instances where the police have been involved in altercations that Preston has had at home. He fears that this will continue until he is arrested outside of the home. Preston still lives with both of his adopted parents and his brother. Preston has stated that he is constantly vying for his parents’ attention, and his aggression increases whenever someone else is monopolizing their time. He does not feel that he will always become violent, but that his anxiety is constantly increasing in situations such as this. He is afraid that his frustration and need to outdo others will end very negatively. Case Conceptualization It appears that one of Preston’s main issues is that of Displacement. According to Murdock (2013), this occurs when a subject shows anger towards someone who is less dangerous than the real cause of an issue (p. 40). Preston shows that he has issues in dealing with the fact that he still lives at home with his parents. He verbally abuses those that he sees as â€Å"better† than him. Preston does not wish to abuse himself over this issue. So, he abuses others that he believes will accept the abuse. He seems to blame others for whatever failings he has in life. He takes his frustrations out on whoever is the most convenient to him. This involves rage towards his brother, as well as friends of his parents. The fact that Preston was adopted as such an early age raises the issue of attachment bonds as well. It appears that Preston may have become overly attached to his adopted parents. Much of this may have to do with the way that they raised him. His parents were very protective, and would cater to his every need. This seems to have created a kind of subconscious reliance on his parents, and the need for their constant approval. This leads to the constant need for their attention as well as the need to outdo peers. The aggressiveness towards peers does not seem to have started until Preston was old enough to identify that was adopted. He seemed to be displacing fear that his current parents would abandon him onto others. This is the main subconscious issue that is affecting Preston. His fear of abandonment has caused him to irrationally fear any force outside of his parental relationship, including his brother. This affects his appraisal tendency, which is the way his brain perceives threats and relates to his aggression and depression (Gilbert, 2007, p. 47). This is the disconnect that is causing most of Preston’s issues. He feels threats that just are not there. He remains living with his parents, constantly vigilant of anyone that will take them away from him, including his brother. This has manifested itself in a sort of hyper-masculinity. Preston’s ego identifies no other way to express these abandonment issues other than with aggressiveness. Also, the fact that Preston’s aggression has continued to increase could be directly correlated with his parents aging. Perhaps he fears that not only could people take his parents away, but the fear that death is closing in on them. This could also be manifesting itself in Preston’s fear and frustration. Treatment Plan Goals for Counseling The goal for psychoanalytic therapy is to get Preston in touch with his subconscious. This serves to identify the root causes of his present issues. Preston will need to identify specific defense mechanisms that he created in childhood. The material that has shifted from the subconscious to the conscious will need to be readily identified (Murdock, 2013, p. 37). Once these mechanisms and thoughts are out in the open, it will be easier to discuss them and change present behavior. Interventions The fundamental intervention to employ with Preston will be â€Å"free association†. According to Murdock (2013), free association encourages the client to reveal whatever he is thinking even if it seems irrelevant or offensive (p. 49). This will be particularly helpful for Preston, and can reveal what his thought process is when he has these aggressive bouts. It seems that Preston has not been totally honest with himself. Free association can help him to bring out deep-rooted ideas for analysis and discussion. This intervention can provide logic and reason to the seemingly illogical thoughts he is experiencing. Establishing the Relationship I realized that Preston had issues in dealing with other males. I asked him if he would feel more comfortable dealing with a female counselor. He indicated that he did not react the same way to me as with other males. He stated that he realized that my sole purpose was to help him with his issues, and this made him not feel anxious or aggressive. I relayed that I was glad this was the case, but that I needed to be immediately notified if these sentiments changed. Whenever I felt that Preston was actually getting anxious or aggressive, I made him aware. I explained to him that he was projecting these feelings onto me, and that it was harmful to the counselor/client relationship. He quickly calmed down, and apologized. He seemed to genuinely understand my concern for his well-being. Analysis of Transference The occasions that Preston did display anxiousness/aggressiveness, he did seem to understand that he was doing so after it was brought to his attention. He realized that I was not causing his issues, and I attempted to apply this to his other personal relationships. We would analyze why he was feeling this way, and how it related to his childhood and parents. He came to the conclusion that if he did not get these feelings under control in session, then he was never going to get them under control outside of it. Insight Preston came to realize that he had subconscious issues regarding his adoption as a child. He understood that he was so shocked by learning he was adopted that he was afraid it was going to happen again. He learned that he was very afraid of losing his parents. He acknowledged that his aggressive outbursts were not about the people he was dealing with, but about his fear that his parents would somehow like them better and abandon him. Preston identified that this is not considered normal behavior for someone his age. He picked up various calming techniques, and needed to constantly remind himself that the issue was him, not others. I was able to assist Preston in identifying the root causes of different scenarios and emotions that he discussed. His visible anxiety and aggression seemed to be kept to a minimum. With his understanding of why he was experiencing these emotions, Preston seemed to be doing better in his daily life. He reports being able to hold a discussion with other males without feeling the need to be dominant. He has also taken steps in explaining his fears and issues with his parents. Conclusions The next main milestone for Preston will be to find a home of his own. This will take time and adjustment, but will be a great leap forward. Also, he is noticing some of the same issues he is dealing with in his brother. Hopefully, Preston can persuade his brother to seek the same sort of help that he has received. This will have to be gradual so as to not induce any sort of separation anxiety. However, if Preston continues with treatment and making positive choices, then he will be continuing on the path to recovery.