Exploitation Of Conflict Minerals In The Congo Politics Essay

Exploitation Of combat Minerals In The congou Politics EssayThe Democratic Republic of the Congo, peerless time a European colony relinquished for its vast amount of b ar minerals, gained independence in 1960 from France and has for more than twelve geezerhood suffered from continuous complaisant war everywhere the distri simplyion and control of said options. More solely over, violence has conk so deadly in this region, from constrained labor, torture, recruitment of child soldiers, extortion, and killings by armed groups to oppress and control civilians, that it has been regarded as being the .deadliest troths globally since founding War II. (Prendergast, 2009) Scholar Michael Niemann (2007) account that Corrupt study and local governance, unlike rebel movements, and governments and armed forces of Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, and, to a lesser extent, Angola, Namibia, and Chad all conspire for one thing- to profit from the mineral and other wealth in various re sol ution enriched aras of the country (p. 25). One of these minerals includes Columbite-tantalite coltan for short one of the worldly concerns to the highest degree sought-after materials the refinement of coltan leads to a highly heat-resistant metal pulverization called tantalum. This powder can merchandise for $100 a pound, and slowly is decorous increasingly vital to modern life. For the high-tech industry, tantalum is magic dust, a key component in everything from mobile phones made by Nokia and Ericsson and ready reckoner chips from Intel to Sony stereos and VCRs. (Essick, 2001)Mineral conflict in the Congo is non lone(prenominal) a national concern solely an world(prenominal) one as well, as most consumers of products that use the minerals exploited from the Congo live outside the country. Prendergast (2009) describe, Consumers in the linked States, Europe, and Asia atomic number 18 the ultimate end-users of these conflict minerals, as they inadvertently termi nate the war by purchases of these electronics products. Consequently, mevery hoi polloi argon at present connected to this consequence as they atomic number 18 part of a group that legitimatize and unintentionally spur such conflict. Thus, it is big to appreciate the gross ancientness the consumer of the final product sanctions and endorses by virtue of the use of certain products that may contain coltan. In addition to this, this is relevant to Canadas relationship with the Third human being because Canadians argon a large group of this consumer population. Three important areas of handling in regards to Congolesian conflict mineral development are the countrys push to gift viable states on the ruins of repressive compound states and how this relates to internal upkeep of socio- scotch hierarchy, the tie in role of a paltry saving, and mineral industrialization in regards to globalisation and the role of national and international governments. The goal of this p aper will be to outline, inside the realm of these three subtopics, the national and international shortcomings/ hindrances and adverse promotions to curve current mineral conflict in the Congo.Despite frequently promoting colonisation as a key contributor to developmental regression, professional and learned literature on Congolesian conflict often varies in regards to what extra piece of Congolesian culture is most reflective of such regression. (Economic standing, semipolitical makeup, etc.) Scholar Michael Niemanns (2007) journal War Making and State Making In Central Africa, specifically concentrates on critically analyzing the concept of the African failed state, recognizing the Western bias in herently stemming from the dominance of colonial powers. Niemann (2007) advocated for a governmental space where . alternative forms of chance and political community can be explored, forms that afford a continuing staying power than the mostly failed attempts to create the cladding of a kind res publica which the palimpsest of the repressive colonial state remains visible. (p. 23). Niemann also and most significantly affirms a principle of sovereignty in Congolesian government that was non totally clearly apparent under colonial practice, but also perpetually apparent in modern Congolesian government as well (p. 27).This particular issue of modern Congolesian rule as a means of mineral conflict hindrance can best be understood with deferred payment to internal maintenance of socio-economic hierarchy as it relates to colonial bequest. Both Niemann and assimilator Severine Autesserre (2009) indicated the influence of the national and local elect. Niemann presented a specific argument the execute of class formation on the continent is incompleteand.. African states tend to be repressive, rather than hegemonic, but nevertheless fully functioning for the purposes of the class adhesiveness in power. (p. 26) He compositioned that Efficiency. is n ot a necessary obligatory for a functioning state..and stresses that the African role in the global outline is not one of marginalization or dependence, but one of extraversion, through which elites confuse long constructed external relations to streng because their power within their own spheres. (p. 26) Consequently, Niemann concluded that although these relations have proven asymmetrical, it does not trim from the fact that they worked well for Congolesian elites. Complimentary to this notion, capital of Mississippi (2002) also indicated the prominence of the elite minority in the form of corrupt government when he inform the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.exploit minerals and other options through stealing stockpiles, entree into agreements with transnational corporations to produce, procure and sell these resources in a global grocery (p 519). Thus, colonial legacy which is reflective and extended in socio-economic hierarchy fit in to Niemann and Ja ckson, proves to be an integral part in both(prenominal) pull ining and unpacking the issue of mineral conflict in the Congo. Moreover, in order to begin to check the upkeep and maintenance of such conflict, it would appear critical to first understand the legacy colonial rule has left on the make-up of national and local Congolesian elites. Furthermore, as Niemann points out, it is difficult not only to apply liberal democracy to Congolesian government and recognize it either as a veneer or perhaps even a solution, without first considering the impact and legacy colonialism has left on the political makeup of the country.Similar to Niemanns point on colonial rule, Stephen Jacksons (2002) journal Making a Killing Criminality lintel in Kivu War Economy spoke of the Congos lucrative economy base on artisanal mining of tantalum ore, highlighting a radical renewal of livelihood strategies responding to an economy profoundly destroyed by colonial and post-colonial slight and gree d. (p. 517) Both students articulate the legacy of colonial rule , so to speak, but also focus their enquiry on separate cohesive hindrances on conflict decline. While Niemann highlighted the importance and withstanding failure of developing political rule separate from Western idealized liberal democracy, Jackson focused his research on the recurring danger of the paltry and dependent Congolesian economy. Noteworthy scholar Carol B. Thompsons journal US Trade with Africa African Growth hazard also provides sufficient economic reasoning in cohesion with colonial legacy. Thompson (2004) reported that the Congos exports are non-processed minerals and agricultural products. Although the countries are now strong-minded, their exports remain colonial products. (p. 458) In his writing, Thompson also provided a remark by President Joquim Chissano of Mozambique that, although not specific to the Congo, articulates the role colonialism has had and continues to have in various African c ountries economy.circumstances have confined us to act as producers of raw materials and crude goods for export to the rich countries of the North. While we are passed to open upon countries and streamline our methods of doing international business, so that the global economy may sink roots, invisible barriers are still making it difficult for us to access resources. (Thompson, 458)Both Thompson and Jackson do an effective job of explaining the impact that colonial rule has had both implicitly and explicitly on the economy of the Congo. This is further proven in the United Nations Human Development Report (2003) that stated that Africas share in the world fell from about 6 percent in 1980 to 2 percent in 2002, and its share of world imports from about 4.6 percent in 1980 to 2.1 percent in 2002. (p.ii) The report also went on to state that by and by Africas heavy dependence on capital commodities as a source of export earnings has meant that the continent remains vulnerable to th e vagaries of the mart and weather conditions. (Economic Development in Africa Issues on Africas Trade Performance, 2003, p.ii). Similarly, the Congo, once officially a colony of France, was exploited primarily for its raw mineral wealth. Today, although technically an independent country, the Congo remains highly dependent on raw minerals, coltan in particular. It is this heavy reliance that enables not only economic unstableness but also related conflict (Jackson, 2002).Furthermore, it is also important to contextualize the fiscal situation of the Congo in order to better understand, in detail, any economic hindrance on reducing mineral conflict. In fresh years, because of the pressure of declining oil prices, the depreciation of the dollar, and burdensome debt service, the Government of the Congo has been force to adopt austere financial measures. After slashing its 1986 budget by 40 percent, the government entered into a Stand-By Agreement with the IMF which made possible th e rescheduling of Congos then $1 billion in foreign debt. (Congo U.S. goods are extremely hawkish here right now,1998) A subsequent Paris Club rescheduling, debt hiatus granted by commercial banks, and World Bank structural trying on also helped avert what would have otherwise been a large capital-account deficit. (Congo U.S. goods are extremely competitive here right now,1998) Production in the forestry vault of heaven has gradually increased due to improvements in the transportation system and the chess opening up of new concessions in the north. (Congo U.S. goods are extremely competitive here right now,1998) Consequently, such information is, although brief, critical in establishing sound discernment of further encumbrance on the reduction of Congolesian mineral conflict with extol to economic instability.Closely related to discussions of the implication of colonization on the Congolesian economy, are ones involving the exploitive effects of mineral industrialization and globalization on African states and the role of national and international governments to curb such appearance. As the countries of the world increase their interdependence and co-relation, African states, including the Congo, are not only forced to deal with establishing themselves on the ruins of repressive colonial state, but simultaneously fit to increasingly globalized, and thus changing markets. The success and adverse hindrances as a result of this, will be explored in the following few paragraphs. close scholarly and professional literature recognize the direct role that development of conflict mineral in the Congo has played in the attempt and preservation of warfare, (Niemann Collier, 2003 Prendergast, 2009 orbiculate confess peculiar(a), 2009) though provide various explanations to call down the role globalization has had in the conflict. P. Collier of the World Bank reported in a policy report that, in a cross-national statistical analysis of civil war onset in 1 61 countries since 1960, the extent of primary commodity exports is the strongest single influence on the risk of conflict (2000, p. 10). By way of explanation, he argues that primary commodity dependence creates better opportunities to pay rebel groups which in turn enable rebellion. Niemann (2007) explicitly spoke of globalization and Transnational Corporations when he stated that cell phones have revolutionized the way we communicate, but in Central Africa their biggest legacy is war. Nearly 3 million people have died in Congoover coltan in the conflict that is really over natural resources sought by foreign corporations (p.39). Essick (2001) similarly indicates that the demand for tantalum took off with the boom of high-tech products and with it a new sinister market began flourishing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (para. 3). Despite providing context for wherefore globalization does in fact distinguish place, Global Witness hold in is the only source that provided fra mework to explicitly suggest why corporations have not sanctioned or cut their ties from mineral conflict. Global Witness express mail (2009) reported on the trading houses based in Goma and Bukavu that buy, sell and export minerals produced by or hiting the warring parties and how houses are officially censed and registered with the Congolese government act as a cover for laundering minerals which are fuelling the conflict. (p. 7) Global Witness Limited focused on how these companies sell the minerals on to a range of processing and manufacturing companies, including firms in the electronics industry. (p. 8) Global Witness Limited also reported on the difficulty and lack of beginning(a) from corporations and governments to say chain minerals. In the following few paragraphs international and subsequently national, initiative will be explored.One of the most pronounced hindrances on the reduction of mineral conflict in the Congo is the national governments failure to sell the r ole of Rwanda as a channel and trading post for the products which benefit the warring parties of the Congo. Global Witness Limited reports indicated this point, as well as that In theory, Rwandan customs officials check the paperwork accompanying all consignments from the Congo, but the government has not been pro-active in delving deeper into the origins of the minerals transported across the border.. (p. 71) As well, Global Witness Limited also stated that neither the Rwandan government nor mineral trading companies in operation(p) in Rwanda are conducting due diligence to ensure that trade is not benefitting any Congolesian warring parties. (p. 71) Thus, from the Global Witness Limited report, it would seem that a major encumbrance on the reduction of national mineral conflict stem from the ease with which such minerals can cross the border into Rwanda something that is component part to fuel the conflict.Adversely, progression in the reduction of mineral conflict seems to hav e been made with regards to national governmental initiatives within the country itself as of 2010. Although the Global Witness report indicated a lack of government corresponding action, this report was issued in 2009 and obviously does not address the most current initiatives of the government. gibe to the 2009 report, Neither of the two main initiatives launched in late 2007 the Nairobi communiqu of and the Amani political program arising from the Goma agreement-including concrete actions to stop the involvement of the warring parties in the natural resource trade. (p. 77) However match to Africa Research Bulletin Political, Social and Cultural serial (2010) the government of the Congo has suspended all mining operations in three eastern provinces, North Kivu, South Kivu and Maniema on the border with Uganda, Rwanda and Burundiafter the United States threatened new legislation to ensure stricter controls to ensure DR Congos minerals were obtained legally. (para. 1). It was also reported in the article that as of September of the same year, Congos armed forces had recaptured the coltan specifically in Walikale, a town torn by over 15 years of mineral conflict. (Democratic Republic of Congo Enyele Attack, 2010). Subsequently, national governmental initiatives by virtue of such suspensions, seem to be progressive in absolving some mineral conflict within the country.With specific respect to the countrys struggle to establish viable states on the ruins of repressive colonial states and how this relates to internal maintenance of socio-economic hierarchy, the related role of a paltry economy, and mineral industrialization in regards to globalization and the role of national and international governments, mineral conflict complexity in the Congo has been explored. Though scholars and academics vary in their research according to different enablers of such mineral conflict, from political instability to economic condition, all seem to agree to some degree t he importance of historically contextualizing the conflict. For example, political instability and maintenance of socio-economic hierarchy are not unless a static political or social reality of Congo, but the byproduct of over a hundred years of instilled and exploitative colonial rule. Moreover, as much as mineral conflict is harmful in itself, it is important to recognize that by virtue of colonial legacy that has created socio-economic hierarchy, there are still those that benefit from the exploitive behavior and subsequent mineral conflict. Similarly, economic conditions of the Congo also mustiness be understood with reference to colonial rule of the past, as well as current exploitive behavior of rich countries on developing countries primary commodified economies of the present. Again, industrialization of mineral resources in the Congo and national and international government initiatives, or lack of, must be understood with reference to historical power relations. There is a high demand for coltan as the consumer population of technologies that use this weensy metal grows. However as this demand grows, it would appear that companies have capitalized on historical power relations to exploit countries like the Congo with little regard to things like labor conditions and rebel control. Although there has been some progression in the way of conflict mineral reduction, it would appear that there are still many hindrances that need to be first addressed in order to continue this progression. Canadian consumers must recognize not only the existence of mineral conflict, but also appreciate how their purchases fuel directly such conflict and endorse exploitive behavior. The next step in reduction of mineral conflict in the Congo after this realisation is to recognize the historically relevant legacy of colonialism that continues to be reflective in elements such as national financial condition and political stability. once this occurs, it is then importan t to start asking questions. Is it possible to reconfigure socio-economic hierarchy in the Congo that has prevailed with the help of paternal countries for over a hundred years? Is it possible to screen mineral trade and purchase without greatly carrell and bruising the mineral dependent economy of the Congo? There are many enabling factors that contribute to mineral conflict in the Congo and there are a number of related issues that much be recognized and absolved before real progression can take place. The most important element however remains the same, this is not merely an international conflict that is the by-product of something inherently Congolesian, but the result of international exploitive and historical behavior.

Executive Summary

Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryFor Wingate systems to work, a blood market perplex can be phthisisd via e-commerce to increase success. To most, it would attend late in the game to begin assessing whether continuous human relationship market (CRM) can work in e-commerce. In the decade or so since the issue first arose, several things pack become appargonnt, not least(prenominal) of which is that simply segmenting a market to serve different populations of nodes, especi eithery online customers, is inadequate. In fact, relationship trade has been defined, since the 1980s, as attracting, of importtaining, andin multi- help governingsenhancing customer relationships, ( ascetical, 1997) In addition, the reality of customers forming relationships with the great unwashed quite than with goods is what drove it, and made it a key source of benefits to the starchy. (Stern, 1997)For conventional relationship selling to work as it should in both organization, every(prenomi nal) new(prenominal) occupancy organization parameters similarly clear to be in place. Recently, this has been determine in a forward-looking mildew as a holistic, changing and dialectical sham. (Chang, 2004) Not surprisingly, this clay sculpture was developed in an Asian developing economy context. The author noted that local firms in developing countries need to be germinal in developing e- melody strategies beca employ they are operating in under-developed e-business environments. It that is true for relationship selling success in developing countries, it should, t here(predicate)fore, be blush to a greater extent valuable to maturate organizations operating in mature business environments.E-business is whatsoevertimes identified as the convergence of digital technology, apt property and customer supremacy (Chang, 2004) and it emphasizes the interconnectedness of both the hardware and gay capital functions inwardly any guild that wants to be successful in us ing CRM in an e-business environment. Done right, it will transcend the traditional boundaries of space, time, individuals and organizations. (Chang, 2004) knowledgeabilityDespite the dot-com failures of the recent past, few would doubt that e-business is a main driver of the new and future economy globally. It is also safe to claim that relationship marketing began its breeding when bricks-and-mortar businesses were able to operate without substantial earnings presence. Then, it was relationship marketing, and depended on such things as personalized bankers, and personal shoppers, and arguably, at heart each organization that had added the relationship marketing function, it was viewed as a must(prenominal) have entirely with little relative impact on the imbue line.However, three things entered the business arena that made it paramount for relationship marketing to become both continuous (CRM) and integrated into the business structures. Those three things were the develop ment of digital technologies, the importance of intellectual property, and customer supremacy, defined as customization of harvest-tide/divine service and reduced cycle time. (Chang, 2004)E-business has altered prior relationships so that the conglomerate of digital technology, intellectual property and customer supremacy when integrated with business activities makes conventional rules of business obsolete. E-business seems to have the capability to change the competitive landscapes in the traditional industries, create new industries, and affect the configuration and coordination of firm-level business activities, peculiarly such external activities as customer relationship management.. (Chang, 2004) Companies that use e-commerce successfully within the holistic CRM paradigm will necessarily have integrated all these elements rather than treating each as a rive profit center or line item, with convergence merely tack together on the balance sheet and not in the conduct of the business itself.BackgroundOrganizational form, business model and strategy have been considered the manakin of commerce. In the holistic viewpoint, there are only two factors, business configuration and business coordination. In this context, business configuration is use to convey the scope of business coverage by a company, what was once cognise as strategy. Business coordination refers to the style of business relationships both within a company and with its customers and suppliers. (Chang, 2004)If these two components of business are used in a truly holistic manner, the result will be realisticly zero(a) distance between customers and suppliers, zero inventory and (near) zero working capital. In short, the relationship marketing function will have made the companywhether a product- or service-based businessinto a simply go-between. The profit comes from do the service of obtaining supplies that become product or service, warehousing that product or service only minimally, and transmitting it to the customer. Obviously, the trick to it all is knowing the suppliers and customers well(p) adequacy that there is no additional negotiation needed and score and payment change hands almost simultaneously. For this, e-commerce would seem ideally suited.Strategies social function modelA second new thrust identified in relationship marketing is the experience model of relationship marketing. Personal sales, the traditional basis for relationship marketing, occur in real time. In some respects, so do e-commerce sales, with the difference that they are not happening in a real place but rather a virtual storefront. That advertising communion through a nonpersonal mediumis inseparable to e-commerce relationships brings into the equation the theory of intimacy. Some rehunters regard evaluation of customer intimacy as a business fancy as important as the holistic model. (Stern, 1997)Intimacy theory accounts for the influence of emotion in relationships as well a s that of cognition (feelings as well as thoughts). It also allows insight into the deterioration of relationships, and finally, it emphasizes the association between relationship stages and persuasive communion that enhances the work firms ability to apply relationship management to advertising as well as to personal sales. (Stern, 1997) Because e-commerce is a blending of all of these elements, but not in the presence of a live intermediary, it may be useful to consider whether these factors are included in ecommerce relationship marketing today, or only in bricks and mortar considerations (Theodosiou, M. and Leonidou, L.C., 2003).Five bases of intimacy in relationship marketingJust as Chang identified two elements to the setting in which relationship marketing can occur and be holistic, Stern identifies five components of intimacy in relationship marketing (Vorhies, D.W. and Morgan, N.A., 2003).Communication and clement listeningThis includes self-disclo authoritative, a wil lingness to share personal or attitudinal information. In the relationship-selling arena, the communication will generally be one way, from customer to company.The listener, in this fibre the company, must provide the sympathetic, that is, non-judgmental, listening. In that way, the customer reveals needs and desires and the company builds trust. So, relationships in which a consumer tells all to a non-disclosing partner are perceived as intimate as long as the partner communicates a sympathetic attitude to what is being told. (Stern, 1997) Advertisements aimed at conveying sympathetic listening alter one-way media communication (that is, non-interactive messages) into a representation of responsiveness, Stern adds. (1997) An event she gives is go mail and online marketer Lands Ends headline, Well knock ourselves out for you. The copy reads, perpetually since we started doing business back in 1963 . . . weve done our level best to fill up our customers. So you can be sure that whenever you call, well do whatever it takes to satisfy you, in our friendly Wisconsin way. (Quoted by Stern, 1997)Commitment Bonding with Consumers.A reek of weness is the belief that each member of a relationship is commit to the welfare of the other. (Stern, 1997) As a customer grows accustomed to positive responses in a business relationship, that feeling develops and they begin to say my credit scorecard company or my car dealership.Stern notes that bonding techniques are an more and more popular marketing strategy for services marketers attempting to establish long-term bonds with consumers so they can be retained. By 1997, it had been ascertained that retention beat prospecting in terms of profitability. (Stern, 1997) This goes so far as to allow a firm to lose money, be design, on a particular transaction in hostel to retain the customer. In a credit-card relationship, this might include waiving a fee for a late payment when it was clearly an oddity in the customers us ual behavior.Caring and GivingAltruism is the watchword here, and not demands for reciprocity, even though it is a relationship. Companies carrying out relationship marketing can start perception of this by basing decisions and reactions on a needs rule rather than an equity rule to establish a closer mental association. (Stern, 1007) This has been successfully used in financial services POS advertising. come after Manhattan Bank used a message at the bottom of its ATM receipts that said, Chase give you 6 other ways to connect. (Stern, 1997) So, even though it was an impersonal, very much an online, setting, and the reach out factor was present. But the appearance was that the bank cared enough to the highest degree all users of its ATMs to offer the information, at least.Comfort (Compatibility)A consumers sense of security in a relationship is central to retention. In traffic with service firms, consumers have been found to evaluate their level of comfort. on the dimension of mutual engagement in a joint venture. (Stern, 1997) The style of intimacy is used in advertising to create this image. For example, New England support-time positioned itself as Your Financial Partner, and showed images of three-generations meeting, conveying an image of long-term relationships. (Stern, 1997)Conflict gag rule and TrustThis is a sort of last-ditch tactic in any relationship-marketing program. Although at times conflict may be inevitable, even in a well-maintained relationship, conflict resolution and problem-solving abilities including skill in listening, negotiation, and conciliation are essential to maintaining relationship marketing. (Stern, 1997) How possible this is in an e-commerce setting, especially in a service such as credit, might be problematical. There must, then, be a mechanism to resolve conflicts satisfactorily (Doty, D.H., Glick, W.H. and Huber, 1993).Campaigns Advertising and SubscriptionHow does a not-so-well know company show what they have, o r how does a known company clap new segments seeking more consumer attention? Since the rolls on the net became voiceovers, the consumer retrieves what it wants, and the maker has to be hunted. The advertising model is based on using creative advertising banners and links in very frequented web-pages. Some companies have successfully advertised their new products and services through this system making sure their ads are more creative and attractive for the roaming eyes of the consumer (Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, 1991). The biggest winner here though, is the page that offers that space. Search engines like Amazon or Yahoo have made big use of this model. All the services they offer (e.g. chats, games, e-mail, search engine etc.) are for free, charging companies for the use of space for ads on their Web-pages. The more frequented a page is the more it costs to display an ad. Companies starting to use this model are definitely at an advantage for their present position and the it s cost. Wingate proposes to use this model to advertise its latest concepts and designs (DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W., 1993).Wingate therefore plans to use the intimacy model and combine it with both the subscription model and the advertising model in order to market its product. The Subscription Model has become a very popular model with a high range of success. By subscribing in any service or company on the net, all your given information is stored on a special data base that is used to classify users. With this data-base that has all the records of visited products and purchases, the providers are able to target the visitors on a more personal basis. An example of this is Hotmail. Hotmail is not only one of the most popular, free e-mail services, but it also belongs to Microsoft. The new way to link the customer to the valued page can also be manipulated by the new head system of Hotmail (Gresov, C. and Drazin, 1997). All the information given in subscription to Hotmail is automatically transferred to other services Microsoft offers. Say you entered, your hobby is to travel, therefore you will get e-mails about travel with new offers on where to fly, it also facilitates one with the advantage of not having to re-enter all their personal details all over again when subscribing in a new company dismission by Microsoft. This model is very powerful and it does not end there, consumers are followed through their life cycle becoming aware of what the company has to offer to the specific consumers. It is more likely that a father will consider the idea of a family insurance rather than a child. For the child, the company will target for example new bikes. This model divides the segments even further, making sure that the consumer feels special, with not be much extra.Therefore, it will be important to start a database of quick customers and retain their information in order to provide them with updates of Wingates latest offers and ideas. Furthermore, a website could be setup and advertised to allow individuals to know about this subscription service if they would like to sign up for information. More information about how this concept can be advertised overall is discussed below in the prefatory advertising model.ControlsWingate plans to budget $3000-$5000 for monthly advertising. The idea will be to run banner ads on various websites for a fee, and to also advertise on pay per click websites such as Google adwords. Other Internet marketing companies can also be hired to keep keywords high on the search engine lists. Below is a chart demonstrating this.ReferencesBielski, Lauren. (2001). Making the customer relationship work. ABA Banking Journal, 93(3).Chang, Steven Tung-lung. (2004). A holistic framework of e-business strategy the case of Haier in China. Journal of Global Information Management, 1 April.DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W. (1993) The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizat ional fields, American sociological survey 48(2) 147-160.Doty, D.H., Glick, W.H. and Huber, G.P. (1993) Fit, equifinality, and organizational effectiveness a test of two configurational theories, Academy of Management Journal 36(6) 1196-1250.Gresov, C. and Drazin, R. (1997) Equifinality functional equivalence in organization design, Academy of Management Review 22(2) 403-428.Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V. (1991) Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations, Academy of Management Review 16(4) 768-792.Ohung, Sungmi and Mike Sherman. (2002). Emerging merchandising Companies dont need state-of-the-art tools, huge volumes of customer information, and armies of experts to use continuous relationship marketing effectively. The McKinsey Quarterly, 62+.Stern, Barbara B. (1997). Advertising Intimacy Relationship marketing and the services consumer. Journal of Advertising, 26 (4), 7+.Theodosiou, M. and Leonidou, L.C. (2003) Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy an integrative assessment of the empirical research, International Business Review 12(2) 141-1 71.

The bluetooth technology

The bluetooth applied scienceAbstractBluetooth Technology has been widely loting every single day due to its availability in just ab pop of the electronic kinks that be dominant nowadays. As whatsoever opposite applied science, when widespread, lead encounter a huge impaction on the users and societies. In our body of work, we impart search the impact of Bluetooth engineering science on the community. To bring out a hardheaded knowledge, a survey comprises 10 questions on our composition was conducted. 100 spate from Mul clipdia University and Limkokwing University were randomly chosen to participate in our survey. In addition, we relied on other sources much(prenominal) as the net income to collect information regarding our topic. From our study we gift found that, the spreading of the Bluetooth technology has made life easier. As any other technology Bluetooth is, nearly fourth dimensions, employ in a damaging authority and consequently has a negative i nfluence.AcknowledgementWe would, firstly, give cargon to give thanks our God who gave us the ability to accomplish this research. Secondly, many other(prenominal) thanks to our EHM 3066, Engineers and club, exposed readers who carry been giving us a very good sheath of diligence and hard work. We send our gratitude to the participants who absorb participated in our questionnaire and stipulation(p) us from their precious epoch. Thanks to our families, friends and completely our beloved mess who has al guidances given us the inspiration to be successful. We would finally thank our institution, the Faculty of plan (FOE), Multimedia University.1.0 IntroductionTechnology is considered to be the mount to climb up and attain the desired degree of development of a society. Man has been nerve-wracking to facilitate his life through inventions and innovation. He first invented the wheel and hasnt halt so far. He lately invaded other planets. Telecommunication direction, whe n computerized, played a very important role in spreading data which enabled scientists hire the outcome of other scientistsresearches and that lead to more and more advancement in various fields of science and thus more technical devices. These devices didnt take in the present shape. A lot of effort was exerted in the process of advance with regard to performance, size and ease of use. This trial is to have a decease idea of how Bluetooth technology is affecting the society and our lives.1.1 Overview of BluetoothIn the striving for decrement of cables mingled with computers and their machine- approach shotible units, Ericson Mobile Communication, in 1994, started the project named and named it Bluetooth.What is Bluetooth?Bluetooth is the name of a new technology that is now becoming widespread on a commercial basis. It promises to change signifi tail endtly the direction we use machines. Instead of exploitation cables to transmit data between components of a PC,for exa mple, the printing machine, the mouse and so on, a small and cheap communicate set chip to be plugged into these components for becharm do the job. In short it is a Cable-replacement technology.The name was first employ as a code name, but it stuck as time passed. It is named afterwards the 10th Danish King, Herald Bluetooth, who had united S tar snuff itdinavian Europe at a time it was severely divided. The founders of the Bluetooth technology found the name adequate as the Bluetooth technology is able to unite various industries corresponding booth surround, compute and automotive markets. By Bluetooth technology one is able to simplify and combination several forms of piano tuner(prenominal) communication into a single, safe, power-saver, inexpensive, globally operational tuner frequency.2.0 Bluetooth MechanismBy embedding short- carry transceivers that atomic issuing 18 inexpensive and tiny, into new electronic devices that ar available nowadays, Bluetooth achie ves its goal. In addition to three voice channels, Bluetooth washbowl lurch data at data transferring speed up to 721 Kbps. As Bluetooth operates on radio band, at frequency of 2.45 GHz, that is unlicensed and globally available, mountain or international travelers have no obstructions to use Bluetooth-enabled equipment. Moreover, Bluetooth units world power be either externally adapted or built into electronics devices. E.g. in a face-to-face computer, Bluetooth devices back end be built into the motherboard as a PC card or on the other go by it give the sack be utilize as an external Bluetooth adaptor through connecting it to a USB port. From the IEEE 802 banner, separately Bluetooth device has its own 48-bit address. One own is that joinings argon not sole(prenominal) point to point, but they can also be multipoint connections. Usually, Bluetooth devices have a maximum vomit of connection up to 10 meters. However, by increase the power, the range of connection mig ht be extended to 100 meters. Bluetooth devices have a technique called frequency hopping. The main purpose of this technique is to nourish the devices from radio interference. The mechanism of the technique is that Bluetooth devices change arbitrarily their frequency maximally 1600 times/s. when an error occurs, it will be immediately corrected by the three complimentary error correction schemes that any Bluetooth device has. Bluetooth devices atomic number 18 also provided with built in verification and encryption.When Bluetooth devices ar in a hold mode they consume approximately 30 micro Amperes from the assault and battery of the electronic devices, such as cell remembers and laptops, while they consume a range of 8 to 30 milliamps, less than one tenth of a watt, when they argon in the active transmission mode. Moreover, only 0.3 mA are consumed by the radio chip, when in a standby mode, which means that its less than 3 % of the power that is used by a mobile phone. Also, the radio chip has an excellent power-saving feature that is as soon as the craft volume lessens, the chip shifts involuntaryally to a low-power mode. The above indicates that Bluetooth devices do not drain precious battery life.But beyond un-tethering devices by replenishment the cables, Bluetooth devices can form a small and private ad hoc separate of devices that are a room from fixed nedeucerk infrastructures by providing universal tie. These bridges are to connect between a device, data ne dickensrks and a encircling(prenominal) interface. Furthermore, noisy radio frequency environment does not affect Bluetooth devices since they are designed to use a scheme called frequency hopping scheme and as well as a fast acknowledgment in browse to make the link active and strong. After sending or receiving a packet, Bluetooth radio modules keep away from interference from other radio signals by jumping hopping to a new frequency. The Bluetooth radio uses shorter packets and jump s hops faster than other systems that are direct in the identical frequency band the occasion that makes the Bluetooth radio more active and stronger than other systems. In addition, these fast hopping from a frequency to another and the short pack seasons decrease the impact of domestic microwave ovens. Random noise whitethorn affect long- length links. However, Forward misconduct Correction (FEC) is used to eliminate this impact. The encoding is, then ideal for an unorganized environment.At the bit level, Bluetooth security is guaranteed. Users can enclose the authentication by use a 128 bit key where radio signals are coded with 8 to 128 bits. The Bluetooth radio transmissions match the safety standards that are required by the countries where the technology is used with respect to the effects of radio transmissions on the human body. Bluetooth enabled devices emissions are less than those from industry-standard cordless phones. Also, Bluetooth module do not interfere, cau se handicap or even affect public or private telecommunications network.2.1 Bluetooth deed ModesA feature of Bluetooth technology is that, once the Bluetooth devices come in range of each other, they will instantly form networks between each other.Another feature is that a number of devices can be connected to contracther via Bluetooth in an ad hoc form. This feature is technically known as Piconet.In a piconet two or more devices can be connected together. A scatter net can be formed by fivefold independent and non-synchronized piconets. Moreover, any device that is in a piconet can be a member of another piconet through a technique called time multiplexing. This techniques mechanism is to share the time suitably, thus a device can be a member of two or more piconets. As Bluetooth system supports multi-point connections as well as point to point connections, Bluetooth devices can be connected to a maximum of another 7 points, a point to multipoint connection. Every piconet has d ifferent frequency hopping sequence and hence a number of piconets may be created and linked together. All users that are share onepiconet are synchronized piconets hopping sequence. A Bluetooth device uses different hopping sequence when the device is connected to two or more piconets where a piconet starts with 2 connected devices, e.g a laptop and a mobile phone, and may grow to 8 connected devices. All Bluetooth devices have the same implementations. However, there are two types of unites in a piconet which are master units and slave units.A master unit is the unit which synchronizes the other devices by its clock and hopping sequence, where the other devices in the piconet are called slave units. In order to differentiate between units participating in the piconet, a 3-bit MAC address is used. When a unit does not have a MAC address, it is called a park unit. Park units are commonly synchronized. Anyway, since pose units have an 8 bit address, a maximum of 256 parked units may be existed.3.0 Bluetooths positive impact3.1 Huge alludeWhat could the pragmatical use of Bluetooth be on Society? Well, it is unlimited and depends on the way it is used. From a practical viewpoint, we can adapt all computerized overhear a look at the list belowPrintersDesktop and laptop computersModemslocal demesne network doorway unitshttp//www.sysopt.com/img/icons/war_ex.jpghttp//www.sysopt.com/img/icons/log_v450.jpgFax devicesPhones and pagersHeadsetsKeyboardsjoysticksNotebook computersPractically, to the highest degree of the digital devices can be a part of the system of Bluetooth. The dynamic of Bluetooths connectivity nature has the ability to replace USB (Universal nonparallel Bus). A Bluetooth-mouse can be in existence by using the improved plug-and-play-systems. The installation can take effect after the operating system is rebooted.3.2 Bluetooths Applications3.2.1Bluetooth and the InternetOne of the most important advantages of Bluetooth is that it enables you to connect a device provided with internet connectivity to another device that is not. E.g. you might connect your hand phone that has a built-in Bluetooth to your laptop that has a Wi-Fi via Bluetooth connection. Then, via you laptops Wi-Fi, if exists, to a Wi-Fi router. once your laptop is connected to the internet you can enable your hand phone to be connected to the internet as well. Moreover, this example goes correctly to most of the devices that have Bluetooth technology not only hand phones.Buying a device that has a Wi-Fi or buying another that has a Bluetooth technology is nightimes a confusing choice. One may think that by choosing Bluetooth he/she will not be able to connect to the internet and in this case choosing a Wi-Fi would be better.However, this is not such a really correct choice. Since, from the above example, you can modify your device to get connected to the internet via the Bluetooth technology purchasing a device that has a Bluetooth technology is a bett er choice as you can get two technologies in one internet connectivity (the function of Wi-Fi is achieved) and Bluetooth technology.3.2.2 Some different ApplicationsA Bluetooth-mouse could be used at a further exceed from a monitor, and while moving about in the room.A Bluetooth-keyboard could be used further away from the monitor. This would reduce eye-strain for persons who are long-sighted. Increasing the distance would also reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation from the monitor.A Bluetooth-keyboard could also be used to address more than one computer, in a dynamic, switchless manner.You can use your e-mail while your laptop lies in a briefcase when your laptop receives an E-mail your mobile phone will immediately quick you and then, you can read the received e-mails in your mobile phones display.A businessman may enable his laptop to queue up a satisfactory news keep openr once he enters a company.As soon as a suitable printer is found, data will be sent from the laptop to that printer via Bluetooth connection to print it out.Make a connection to printers and faxes without messy cables. radio connection to video projectors and digital cameras.An belatedly and elegance connection from cell phone to handsfree headset.A useful connection between Bluetooth interface to billet private branch exchange (PBX).Smooth creating of dial up networks and automatic e-mail.Use mobile phones as office radio phones.Use of own(prenominal) computers or personal digital assistants (Personal Digital Assistants) as hands-free phone.Automatic transferring and swapping of shows, software, electronic business cards, calendars etc.Dancing couples at a dance hall could receive the medication through their headsets and pick the dance of their choiceNot to mention many more to come.3.3The influence of the Bluetooth technology on SocietyThanks to the Bluetooth technology, a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) can be implemented without wires. This means that all th e functions of a conventional fixed LAN are available in a WLAN including file sharing, peripheral sharing, Internet plan of attack and many more.3.3.1 Mobility and low costMobility and cost-saving installation are the main advantages of wireless networks in society. Most of the application scenarios of wireless are related to these two features. Mobility enables users to roam on while being connected to backbone networks. more jobs require wandering workers. Portable computers are indispensable for people like inventory clerks, healthcare workers, police officers, and emergency-care specialists. Wireless networking provides important cost nest egg in the areas where cables cannot be easily installed, such as historical buildings and residential houses. In distant sites, branch offices and other situations where on-site networking expertise might not be available or fast networking is needed, computers equipped with wireless LANs can be pre-configured and shipped ready to use.3.3 .2 Circulation of InformationThe wireless local area network business has been focused on offices since the industry began. But recently, dwelling house networking is seen to be a fast growing market. The personal computer has suffer a powerful platform for education, entertainment, information access and personal finance applications. At home, with the wide use of PCs and the Internet becoming the main way to access information, the role of the PCs has expanded and will continue to expand peculiarly in the area of education. On the social side, this means that wireless networks is the easy way to access internet, find information and at the same time the users gain more knowledge through browsing the internet.3.3.3Avoiding wire swingBluetooth is also one of the examples of using wireless range other than PDA and etc. The objective of Bluetooth technology is to replace cables and infrared links used to connect unrelated electronic devices with one universal short-range radio lin k.3.4 Industrial boomBluetooth applications reflect the mobile phone industry background signal of the inventors of some famous phone models for example Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Motorola and many more. There are many useful things that Bluetooth had given to our society.3.5 Information InterchangeIn meetings and conferences, users can share information instantly with all participants without any wired connections.3.6 gimmickA user can also cordlessly run and control, for instance, a projector, or can connect his headset to his laptop or any wired connection to keep hands free for more important tasks while in the office, home or in the car. When laptop receives an email, the user will get an alert on mobile phone. Users can also browse all incoming emails and read those selected on the mobile phones display. Public Bluetooth wireless access points could enable free or charged access to information and operate through laptop computers and PDAs. For example, imagine being able to brow se the catalog of a public library on your handheld PC as soon as you enter the building. Or, imagine how helpful it would be to have instant PDA access to a building map and to customized real time flight arrival and departure data as you make your way through a busy airport. Consider the convenience of having automatic, wireless access to a shared hotel printer as you make last-minute changes to a presentation in your hotel room.3.7 Productive and Time saverIn a Bluetooth-enabled business world, the cellular phone could provide a link to everything beyond the 10-meter range limitation. Without even removing their Bluetooth-enabled cell phone from their briefcase or luggage, mobile professionals would be able to check voice mail, send a fax, receive email, roam inventory levels, and surf the Internet through their laptop computers. This would extend the opinion of anytime, anywhere data access well beyond the current standard of cell phones and beepers.3.8More FreedomIn consideri ng the above scenarios, some may signal that the access of Wireless LAN would increase our freedoms and improve our professional lives because it allowing us to decide when and where we do our work. Wireless certainly has the potential to improve society, and our personal and professional lives in various ways. It gave us many advantages.4.0 Negative ImpactThe convenience of Bluetooth technology cannot be denied, but neither can the way they have negatively impacted daily living. Some of the effects can be dispensed with if boundaries are set. Here we will discuss some negative impact of Bluetooth.4.1 Violation of PrivacyMobile phones and PCs usually contain private stuff such as family pictures, bank account numbers, passwords and so on. Unfortunately, these devices are able to be hacked by Bluetooth. The hacker sends a user a file (lets say an image), when received, it will be opened as a usual image where actually it has a built in hacking software. Once the user opens the image , the hacker will be able to control the users device.4.2 SabotageIn the same way as downloading from the internet, transferring data via Bluetooth may harm your device if the data contain viruses. The strength of the viruses varies from one to another some viruses are easy to be removed while some viruses totally damage the device once they reach the device.4.3 Health hurtWhile the topic remains controversial, there are people who call back the microwave radiation the phones emit can cause such problems as cancer and Alzheimers disease from prolonged use.4.4 Use in inappropriate places utilize Bluetooth to transfer data in inappropriate places is considered to be harmful and such behavior expresses a negative attitude. E.g. Students in a classroom may get busy transferring data via Bluetooth using their hand phones while their lecturer is giving a lecture.4.5 Sleazy ContentsA child or a teen-ager may innocently receive a file that contains familiar or immoral contents which are not suitable for their age.5.0 cobblers last and RecommendationThis project was make to assess the impact of Bluetooth technology on the society in the near future. We have investigated in how and why Bluetooth technology has widely spread and what impact that Bluetooth technology has been giving. In addition, we have explained in details the reasons of this impact.Mainly, the bases we had for this report are from a survey that we have done on 100 students and lecturers from the whole population of Multimedia University and Limkokwing University, Cyberjaya campuses. We used the imperturbable data from this survey to explore the impact of Bluetooth technology on the society as we used MMU and Limkokwing Universities as small societies. We have heavily used the internet to collect information about Bluetooth technology and also to find out its impact on other societies. Why our survey was on only 100 people is that, making a survey on a bigger number of people would be expensive an d time consuming.This report might be useful to social specialists to find out why some technologies have more interest on people, Bluetooth developers as they can decrease the negative impact of this technology, and to other people who are interested in the relationship between the technology and the society.Future researchers who are going to do a research on the same topic should keep this in mind, this research has been done based on a questionnaire that was made on people who have almost the same range of age as most of them are university students. Future researchers who have a wider research ranges can make their research on different age ranges.The results of the survey showed that 90 % of the people, who have answered the survey, have Bluetooth-enabled devices. The reason of this huge number of Bluetooth users is that, most of the new electronic devices that are available nowadays have Bluetooth technology.Moreover, about 25 % of the participants, who have Bluetooth-enabled devices, have faced negative impact of Bluetooth technology such as getting hacked or received viruses during data transfer. The reason is that most of them didnt know that Bluetooth may carry viruses or hacking software when data is transferred.Even though Bluetooth technology is widely spread so far, we think it will make life easier and more effective if it is spread on a wider range. For example, providing Bluetooth connection in universities laboratories would make data transferring between researchers, students or lecturers easier. However, care must be taken when using data transfers via Bluetooth since data may have viruses or hacking software. A good theme is to use anti-virus and anti-hacker software. Moreover, children and teenagers have to be watched when using Bluetooth-enabled devices.ReferencesBookChristian Gehrmann(2004), Bluetooth Security, Artech mansion house PublishersRobert Morrow(2002), Bluetooth Operation and Use, McGraw-Hill Professional (Telecommunicatio ns)Tom Siep (2000), An IEEE Guide How to Find What You Need in the Bluetooth Spec, Institute of ElectricalOnline articlePyramid Media Group, Inc Constantly Connected beyond WiFi and Bluetooth, http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QXQ/is_2005_June_30/ai_n15341855http//www.swedetrack.com/images/bluet00.htmArticles from magazinesClive Akass (28 Jan, 2006), Bluetooth to hit 100Mbits/sec, Pc Magazine pp. 41-42Michael Kwan (Thursday April 6, 2006), Jabra shows off Bluetooth goods at CTIA, Mobile Magazine pp. 23AppendicesAppendix A Survey on Bluetooth and its Impact on Society in the near future thing Bluetooth and its impact on the society in the near futureWe are from EHM 3066 (Engineers and society) class. We are conducting a mini survey regarding the Bluetooth and its impact on society in the near future. Kindly spend a few legal proceeding to answer this questionnaire. Your answers will be kept confidential. We would like to express our go gratitude for your co-operation.Instr uction Please TICK (v) in the appropriate boxes or write your responses in the given spaceSurvey on Bluetooth and its Impact on Society in the near futureWe a group of studentsWe would like to kindly invite you to participate in this survey to help us gain valuable information of the Blueooth and its impact on society in the near future.Please tick or write your responses in the given space.A- GENDERomale ofemaleB- AGEo18-24 o25-30 o30-35Other ____C- OccupationDo you have any Bluetooth-enabled device?oYes oNoIf your answer is yes, what kind of device that you have is equipped with Bluetooth?oHand phone or Personal digital assistance (PDA) oLaptop oPersonal Computero I dont have oOther _________how often do you use bluetooth?onever osometimes ooften oalwaysWhat kind of data/file that you use Bluetooth to transfer?oImage oMusic oDocument oSyncronisationGive your opinion on what impact of the Bluetooth on the societ is?Do you support the idea of installing Bluetooth devices in all co mputers in your company/university Computer Lab in order to increase the utilization of Bluetooth??Yes ?NoHave you known that Bluetooth-enabled devices are able to receive viruses and to get hacked??Yes ?NoHave you ever got your Bluetooth-enabled device hacked by Bluetooth??Yes ?NoHave you ever received unwanted data by unknown people ??Yes ?NoHow often do you get busy using Bluetooth to transfer data with another person in places such as classrooms or while you are driving?onever osometimes ooften oalways

Organizational Behaviour In The Team Work Role

institutional Behaviour In The Team Work aimOrganizational behaviour in a police squad work fly the coops a vital occasion and it is the diademic has been discussed for a very long c trickridge holder and now nearly every(prenominal)one realizes somewhat its concepts. Simply the governings wont pr influenceice except the one soul it should deal. When it nonpluss to hatful there should be a team and per wreak soulfulness(a)s natest perform whatever they want in an organization they shake off to form a team and perform individu every last(predicate)y as well as teams. So when forming a team, organizational behaviour influences toward its success.Organizational Behaviours is the key aspect to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst stack in the organizations. Other attri unlesses equivalent stretching, indigence, conclusiveness making, openness to discuss problems, ch entirelyenge-initiative is all buttoned in to this base concept of Organizational beh aviour to help the rail line achieve its strategic and in some business objectives. The proper exposition of organizational behaviour with its understanding and management has resulted in development of fewer key offshoots to the concept of Organizational behavioursIn my view a record behaviour manner how offer we exposit a someone, how this person differences from the differents behaviour, how we set up measure the characteristics and differences. Psychometrics is as well the most important re after-hoursd to the discernment and measurement of the character, aptitude, intelligence. It is like the unique character of the individual and measure and understands the differences amidst the individuals. I think the term itself indicates the properties of behaviour which be both stand and set the individual apart from others. These properties concern the individuals typical ways of cope with life.I am going to explain a few words roughly the multitude beca call it will explain the importance of individual in the chemical group. The group whitethorn spend a lot of time on the each stage, but some groups never reaching the final stages because the reputation and levels of dominance of each member may play a stupendous part in the failure or success of the group and its tycoon to progress through the diverse stages, the time goes by changes occur, much(prenominal) as new members joining the group or old members leaving the group may re-enter the cycle and begin the development of the change all over again.In this arrangement i am going to use the lead scheme and Motivation Maslows supposition. These theories atomic come 18 outflank suitable for my opinions or views that argon raised in my experience and i like those theories a lot so the dickens theories ar chosen. Let me start with those theoriesLeadership theoryA simple definition of leading is that leadhip is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a familiar goal.Leadership is one of the most hotly debated topics in management studies, sociable psychology and organisational psychology (Pfeiffer 1993). Despite the depth and breadth of debate concerning leadership soundness, it remains an elusive construct. As a result, researchers and practitioners allow not reached a consensus on a true and concise definition that re maps an accurate moving picture of effective leadership in all situations and possibilities.The leadership is one of the effective concepts and well delimit asTreat people with politeness, paying attention and gravitas and in doing so create a strong role sit for others to follow. Building a reputation of fairness gives you a buffer against the time when the policy is wrong or you stand badly Gratton (2000206)According to Nathan F. Iannone, leadership finish be defined as the art of influencing, directing, guiding, and controlling others in much(prenominal) a way as to obtain their willing obedience, arr ogance, respect and loyal cooperation in accomplishment of an objective.Leadership is about the future and about how do I tap into the group orientation (into what everybody shares).According to Jago (1982) the tonus and the qualified, good leaders are not born instead they are made with the flu ion of the training and the self-assessment, developing skills by improvising others.The natural people ability is overly evaluated as a measure of walk their talk. The spell of the leadership is much higher in terms of the charismatic leader. The leadership ground on this charismatic influence is really being concentrate towards the vision and also the ability and the talents are naturally born and also termed as gift. The natural leader adapts the tapping of their inner resources and also natural leaders are more often genera incline (Stonefield, 19923).The leadership theory based on this contingency model states that there is no ill-tempered model of leadership which suits as appr opriate in all times of situation. The variables are the elementary elements and the preliminary components which delimitate the success alternatively than the leadership elan which we intend to follow or insist. The leadership has a quality in order to follow the vital roles and also in order to perform the action depending and assessing the situation through various means (Cherry, 2010).The characteristic turn up to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as outgoing, kind and even-tempered. A trait send word be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or humanistic theories, the trait approach to persona lity is cerebrate on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits forms a personality that is unique to each individual. Trait theory is centre on identifying and touchstone these individual personality characteristics.According to Offer Mann, Hanges and twenty-four hours (2001) much of the talk about on the internal characteristics of leadership over recent years has focuse on determine and ethics. They argue that disillusionment and a lack of confidence in political leadership have been generated by the particular values that political leaders use to trigger off their actions. As a result, Offermann, Hanges and Day (2001) claim that the world is more aware of the importance that values play in leadership effectiveness and success. In addition, it has been shown that particular types of leaders puff unalike followers depending on their value types (Ehrhart Klein 2001). McShane (2001) argues that in order to motivate, influence, be lik ed and respected, a leaders values rent to align themselves with those of their employees and to bound integrity, honesty, compassion and assertiveness.The contingency leadership is one of the effective leadership techniques and also has an ability to act as a vital tool in establishing the focus on variables in an environment in order to determine the situations which really opt for our behaviour in any kind of situation. The leadership theory based on this contingency model states that there is no particular model of leadership which suits as appropriate in all times of situation. The variables are the basic elements and the preliminary components which determine the success rather than the leadership style which we intend to follow or insist. The leadership has a quality in order to follow the vital roles and also in order to perform the action depending and assessing the situation through various means (Cherry, 2010).My definition of Leadership is being able to inspire others, motivate, set a vision, communicate, respect others, and lead by cause. A leader must(prenominal) have an honest understanding of who they are, what they know, and what they are capable of. To be successful person you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors. In my opinion this keister build confidence in your followers in their faith in you to be able to lead.FollowersDifferent person require different styles of leadership. For example, a company requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than anyone with a high dot of motivation. You must know your people The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human record, such as require, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your employees be, know, and do attributes.CommunicationCommunication is the exchange and flow of reading and ideas from one person to another person it involves a sender infection an idea, information, or feeling to a receive. What and how you communicate either builds or harms the kind between you and your employees.SituationSituations are different from all time. Leader is an individual who can use different leadership styles based on the situations .decide the better(p) course of action and the leadership style privationed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for inappropriate behaviour, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then(prenominal) the results may mount ineffective. in like manner note that the situation normally has a giganticer effect on a leaders action than his or her traits. This is because enchantment traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations (Mischel, 1968). This is why a number of leadership scholars think the Process Theory of Leadership is a more accurate than the Trait Theory of Leadership.Every o rganisation is subdivided into two different categories such as formal and informal. The organisation when seen as outside(a) spectator it appears to be formal with its will defined mission statement, policies and mathematical process and organisation structure charts, but this is just the tip of the great crisphead lettuce floating underneath in the form of informal organisation which a manger has to face. This informal organisation includes informal leaders which have no formal authority given by organisation but they have their influence on many employees, to maintain good relation with such informal leaders as sometimes they can help in bilkting things done. Internally organisation is subdivided into many groups based on their nature of job, their ethnicity, their culture, their language having their own norms and sentiments managers need to identify such groups and make legitimate effort to maintain peace in groups by serving the role of mediator, for smooth running of org anisation. Organisation consist of another route of force-out which can be said as counter organisation, that can be seen in the form of labour unions which are formed to keep secure on organisation and make sure that profit hungry organisation dont exploit them. Such counter organisations are needed to be handled with great care. It can be said informal organisations are formed by the people of organisation to satisfaction of their cultural unavoidably and a esthesis of personal identity and personal belonging. It also provides means to highlight deficiencies in the formal organisation such as excess time taken to love a task.MASLOW THOERY OF MOTIVATIONMotivation is a fundamental capricious force behind people behaviour and performance. When the research was done to explain different aspects of motivation from an organisational behavioural perspective many theories or models use to describe the topic of motivation basically it is described as the utmost to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal. It is very important to know about different types of motivation theories and their implementation in a group or organisation. These motivation theories specify the kinds of of necessity people has and condition in which they would want to exemplify these ineluctably. Motivation can be internal or external. Example of external motivation is Deadlines . The fear of losing a contract or of not finishing a job on time you started is an example of internal motivation. Both internal and external motivation can be equally powerful.Why i am using this Maslows theory to bound on my behaviour in group situations. This theory comes under capacitance theories of motivation. There is significant relationship between behaviour and motivation curiously between group and individuals. Motivations of group have a serious stupor on individual behaviour likewise the motivation of an individual can have serious impact on group.Abraham Maslow theory was proposed b y Dr. Abraham Maslow in 1943, this theory is general overview of human motivation. His theory strikes a distinctive nose out of balance between biological and social inevitably that integrates many motivational concepts. According to Maslow individual needs are set in a power structure, and everyone must fill up their basic needs earlier they can pay off their higher needs. The power structure is many times portrayed, as a pyramid beginning with physiologic needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top of this pyramid. The needs at the lower level are the most basic. These basic needs must be satisfy well before an individual can become concern with the higher needs like physiological needs, safety needs, security needs, social needs, law and affection, esteem needs. These needs must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs deficiency needs. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these craving, people are moving toward growth, self-actu alization, satisfying needs is healthy, which preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly.Gareth Morgan suggests that employees are people with complex needs that must be satisfied if they are to lead perform effectively in a work place. Employees perform best when they are motivated by task, which will earn them some reenforce that satisfies their personal needs. Abraham Maslows theory of motivation most widely famous as hierarchy of needs states that human needs when arranged in form of hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest, as soon as need at lower level gets completed, the need at next level servers to be a motivator. Maslow divided human needs into quintuplet main categories such as physiological which include basic needs for sustaining life like food, water, shelter and calm.Abraham Maslows needs hierarchyThere are five different levels in Maslows hierarchy of needsSelf-actualizing NeedsSelf-actualizing Needs is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of n eed. People are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interest fulfilling their potential.Esteem NeedsEsteem needs include the things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment.Social NeedsSocial needs include belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, love, romantic attachments and families help fulfil this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community or spiritual groups. aegis NeedsSecurity needs include safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a zest for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighbour yobos and shelter from the environment.Physiological NeedsA physiological need is low needs. These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met.Maslow was correct when he said that one need has to be effect before we can move to the next one. Without sufficient amount sleep I wouldnt be able to think of nothing but sleep. Also if I am hungry food will be the except thing on my mind. But because each day I satisfy these basic needs I am able to think about other things because these needs are no longer controlling my thoughts. following(a) priority is given to security which includes freedom from physical danger and other fears like losing job, property, food, or shelter. Since people are social animals they need to belong, to be accepted by others, hence acceptance third in the list of needs.Once people satisfy their need to belong esteem needs emerge in the form of satisfactions a s power, prestige, status and self-esteem and at last when all the other needs are satisfied need for self-actualization which is the desire to maximize ones potential and achieve something. Applying this theory many organisations where suggested to motivate their employees by monetary gains or assuring security of their job. , Koontz, H, Weihrich (2008), Morgan (2006). There was a research conducted by Douglas T Hall and Khalil Nongame which studied needs of hierarchy involving a group of managers over a time span of five years. They found that there was no strong evidence of hierarchy, as managers get promoted in organisation their physiological needs tend to decrease, while on other hand needs for self-actualization tend to increase H, Koontz , H, Weihrich(2008). Upcoming flaws of Maslows theory the process theory of motivation stated, with the study of ones decision making process and determining how individual behaviour is energised, directed and maintained. The major process t heory of motivation includes expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory and reinforcer theory.In my classroom activitiesI am relating this theorys to my classroom activities in a group. When considered my experience in a group situation once while doing a group presentation in collage we all are five people. We had a 20 days time to presentation and from first gear day we all thought to meet at my place but no one turn up this happened many time every one say some other reason. It happened for all 19 day only 1 day left to submit the presentation than I thought to divide the task to my group members. Each one is assign a separate task and the task should complete before the particular schedule time. With this I emerge as leader that made me influenza ion as Leadership. Not only Leadership but also motivation In order to sleep tonight I have to complete my task of presentation before sleep. I need to satisfy my physiological need that is to sleep in time. I should comple te the presentation before nightCONCLUSIONAccording to the trait theory the question arises of wear a leader is born or developed. There is no defined answer as many theorists have different answers to this. Understanding the concepts from in a higher place of motivation its rewards systems as to how useful it is for a leader to understand how it can be utilized in getting work done from people, decision making and its importance in growing more efficient, managing change and adapting quickly to it, understanding human perceptions and how they affect management, understanding the value of power in an organization without which a leader is nothing, politics and control and the other factors at last lead towards the understanding that leaders are developed. Many individuals may be born with the skill to be a leader this does not prove that he grows up to be an effective leader. However he can develop the ability to become one. Experience and the urge to learn can help one become a n efficient leader. According to my understanding a person might be born with natural abilities to become a leader.This assignment is very useful to assess my past behaviour to the present behaviour and ways to develop the behaviour and to assess the performance by using these theories in a group. These are the two oldest theories what I used because older principles are the basic for anything i.e. the applications should follows the basic principle. Only few people are reached the self-actualization concept in the Leadership theory and Maslows theory. I am very much willing to taste that step. So I am going to putting my effort in this way and also looking the ways to develop. In my opinion if the group activities are conducted from the child hood they will be a very useful to the individual to ameliorate their personality, behaviour and from that the concept of Leadership and motivation skills will also modify for the betterment of the future.

Non Vegetarians Towards Vegetarian Food

Non Vegetarians Towards Vegetarian regimenThe aim of this chapter is to provide a total critical review of existing literature concerning consumer behaviour and the increasing pheno custodyon know as vegetarianism. First, the various perceptions of non-vegetarians and vegetarians towards vegetarian sustenance and lifestyle. among the different genders. Secondly, how the various aspects of the market mix, commonly price sours vegetarian nourishment pickaxe. This chapter also examines the main religions and their influence on viands filling and finally the degree of influence ethics has on a aroundbodys f arary choice.Perception towards vegetarian pabulums.A large number of Ameri tail ends do non understand vegetarian nutriment as they grew up on an Ameri mickle diet, which comp wage growings intimatelyly of middle(Pearson, 2010). The majority of North Americans argon employ to having snapper at every meal even if thither is an opposite high-protein forage is pose (Reiner 2011) . M release is considered as central nutriment round around which meals argon prep bed, various types of mettle atomic number 18 some times served on festive and celebratory occasions. (bender,1992). However, A study conducted by the Vegetarian Times (2008 ), revea conduct that 3.2 percent of U.S adults which is nearly 7.8 matchless(prenominal)(prenominal) million million muckle ar on plant-based diet and 5.2 % were interested in side by side(p) a vegetarian diet.Perception of non-vegetarians towards vegetarian foodHowever, umteen a nonher(prenominal) commonwealth tilt to reckon that vegetarian food auditions bad, lacks taste, is uninteresting(Pope, 2010) or that philia has a good taste and vegetarian m eject is disgustful (Vigneault,2009) which explains why umteen another(prenominal) pot especially work force tend to avoid vegetarian food (Bailey, 2012) . However Janu (2010) argues that summation does not rush taste by explaining that a psyche cannot immerse raw effect and the digestive system rejects it and says that what gives the taste is the additional items added to the recipe and these be generally from something that is vegetarian.Meat, Vegetarianism and sex activity(Mckeever, 2012) reports that devour nubble is regarded by m whatever as macrocosm to a biger extent virile and manly, the conventional macho all-American male, turn all overs that take red meat is considered as squargon and eat soy is not. It has been be that people from Western cultures connective up manfulness with meat, especially muscle meat like steak(Gann,2012). Macrae(2011), reports that men who do not consume meat were viewed as less masculine than the others even by other vegetarians. plain ladies, especially vegetarians regarded men who were not ingest meat as crybabies or less mach. They also constitute that people associated meat with more than(prenominal) masculine words In a study by Rothgerber(2012) women were a vi sion more excusatory about meat consumption and men had more favourable attitudes towards meat consumption(Macari, 2012) and (William,2012), alimentation meat makes the latter feel like real men. If we take a brief fashion at history, meat has been affiliated with might, virility, manhood and as a prerogative. This has been observed during the first world war when meat was dumb for men and this was also observed in umteen a(prenominal) Western, Asian and African cultures( Heine 2010). There whitethorn be a more scientific rendering to why men prefer meat, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as differences in physiology and men having a spectacularer protein needs to build body mass as compared to women. To the traditional hunter, meat has al right smarts been considered as a reward to hunting. (Shah, 2010) concord to (Rowan, 2012) men are less likely to eat their vegetables than women and prefer meat over other foods (Bryner,2012) be pee they dont have the kindred strong value an d beliefs that eating fresh produce are beneficial to health. Furthermore, messages that convince women to eat fruits and vegetables whitethorn not have the same effects on men. There are certain situations when a man may healthily opt for salads which is in the case of social resist (Ar et al. 2008) or much(prenominal) as when they are trying to impress some whiz they are eating with, when they are eating out alone or when dining with their spouse and their spouse has chosen the sinewy menu ( Strahan, 2012). (Sifferlin,2012 ) that supported the last reason by asserting that men eat their vegetables so as to avoid inclinations or with their wives or girlfriends and if they were left on their own in most cases, they would opt for carbuncular foods. (Shere,2012) explained this by adding that ones personalized belief influences his manner and men are not as convinced that eating vegetables are not deserving eating.Dean(2012) suggested that it would be very difficult to educa te non-vegetarian consumers to eat vegetarian or mould meat but the key could be to reshaping burgers to resemble beef and by giving them grill marks as according to(Schsler.et al,2011) the shape and its style are important. marks could even convince men who cerebrate that meat is masculine to try it out and eventually help them through their modulation to vegetarianism.Perception towards a vegetarian lifestyle2.1 Perceptions towards vegetariansWhen people think about a vegetarians, they imagine a skinny person, or by chance an unhealthy one(Host 2004). Vegetarianism result not make a person skinny or thin(Olsen,2012) m all people have this mis judgmention that vegetarians eat only salads (schuna,2011) and (Beppu,2011) and removing animate being products from ones diet can help to slim down(Tyler,2012). tally to Stanger(2011) and a study by Katz (2008) many people tend to accept that vegans are pale, have clearer skin. Andrews(2011) and (frankel,2010) put onward that due t o certain lackings in a vegetarian diet this may subject ones difficultity to deteriorate and become pale due to insufficiencies of iron. However Groe in the rawald(2011) refuted this by stating that if this the case the person was probably wrongly doing his diet.2.2 Vegetarianism and healthThere is no single reason why people become vegetarians, but one reason which is cited the most is for a healthier lifestyle(Floyd,2011). Many non-vegetarians today believe that meat is unhealthy (Wong 2006) and the most common reason people are becoming vegetarians today are due to the health benefits(Kasiser,2009).He further adds that vegetarian diets continuously have proven to be healthier, in a way that meat, especially non-lean red meats which are high in saturated fats and may carry risks of animal-human transmission diseases.2.2.1 Perceptions towards vegetarianism as a mover to neglect encumbranceThe perception of the vegetarian diet as an efficient load loss official document has cartroad many into giving up meat (Mccarron, 2011) There has been world-shaking union of research coming out in support of a plant-based diet, and how it helps a person to lose weight(Freston,2011) while Denos(2012) believes that it is a misconception due to the feature that since fruits and vegetables are miserable in calories, are loaded with vitamins and minerals people believe it should help one lose to weight. (Zeratsky,2012) states that it is true that vegetarians are usually thready than non-vegetarians but a person can also gain weight on a vegetarian diet Zeratsky,2012) and (Sass 2012) if their portion sizes are too whopping and they do not get the right balance.2.2.2 Perceptions towards vegetarianism as a means to live hankererAccording to many authors, eating a lot of red meat regularly is bad for the health in the long run and increases the risks of heart diseases and other cancers(Lezard, 2012),(Bazelle,2012) and Lee(2011). On the other hand, vegetarians suffer fewer heart attacks than meat eaters. For instance, vegetarians under the age of 65 were 45% less likely to suffer a heart attack than meat eaters(Faloon,2006).2.2.3 Perceptions towards meatMoreover according to (MacEachern 2009) many conventional meat producers use hormones, antibiotics, and a great deal process their products with chemical additives and preservatives. This tends to make the meat pinker but less healthy. He supports his argument by stating that in that respect is a strong relationdhip between hunting processed meat consumption and risks of getting colon cancer.2.3 Reasons discouraging people to become vegetarians2.3.1 Giving up on their favourite meal(Cain,2011) argues that a reason discouraging people from becoming vegetarians is having to renounce to their favourite meals, cheeseburgers or chicken wings and all the other great tastes that non-vegetarians enjoy(Markella,2006). Those who have returned to being omnivoures claimed that they began missing the ta ste of meat (Wong,2006). (Herzog,2011) further adds that even long-term vegetarians veritable urges to taste cooked meat or wine-coloured-colouredd craving for proteins when they smelt upon sense of smell bacon being cooked. New vegetarians say that they found it hard to give up favorite foods and ad beneficial to the taste of substitutes for butter and dairy products. For some the toughest crock up to switching to a vegan diet was to give up on cheese. (Pope,2012)2.3.2 neediness of social support(Pope, 2012) believes that for vegetarians in that respect is a lack of social support as some people are negative and condescending towards vegetarian food and this is the main reasons why many vegetarians have returned to an omnivorous diet. (smith et al, 2000)2.3.4. Beliefs that a vegetarian diet is not healthyMany authors claim that a vegetarian diet is unhealthy in a way that that there is is insufficient proteins and a person may suffer from nutritional deficiencies(Claire 2012 ),(Schuna,2011), (Alan et.al2000) . Robin(2011) argued that it depends on the type of food eaten. In the case of vegan who exclude all animal proteins from their diet they may develop a B-12 defficiency and this is commonly found in meat and defficiencies of this vitamin may lead to anemia.Assess the role of culture in the choice of vegetarian foodSabine (2012) stated that there exists indefinite number of definitions of culture. Definitions of culture may deepen from one person to another. Kroeber et al (1952) defined culture as patterns of behavior gained and transmitted through symbols, consisting of classifiable achievements of human groups including their incarnations in artefacts. Culture consists of traditional values and ideas which historically inferred and selected.Many religions supercharge a vegetarian lifestyle or diet, for theoretical account, Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and seventh day Adventists(Frankel, 2010)Culture or Religion is an important determinant in on es selection of his own diet as many eastern religions lower a vegetarian diet as compared to many western religions. According to the position done by the Vegetarian Times (2008), this explains why India has the most vegetarians (400 million, about 40 % of the population ) as compared to the US which is only at 7.3 million. This is explained by Lingam(2010) who states that India has this strong vegetarian culture due to its religions, dating patronize to 500 BC where the rise of Buddhism and Jainism were teaching non-violence. Today this vegetarian lifestyle is dictated by the influence of and those having a strong belief in their religion such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or Sikhism which impose a vegetarian diet.3.1. HinduismHinduism is the oldest and the third largest population around the world with over 900 million followers around the world (Magicman,2011). Hindus believe that all animate beings have souls and one animal which is sacred and strictly forbidden to eat is the cow (Dowling, 2009). According to Srivastava(2007), all Hindu scriptures praise and glorify nonviolence. And a vegetarian diet as important in the successful practice of pietism and in yoga. Hindu d wronga generally recommends vegetarianism but it is not a inevitable to be a Hindu. animate being manakin is considered the same as the flesh of ones own offspring and to eat this would make one the most miserable of human beings. Moreover she quoted from the Yaj Veda that one must not use his body, which is stipulation by divinity fudge to kill other of Gods creations whether they are human, animal or whatever. (Srivastava,2007) further adds that according to the Manusmriti, one should abstain from eating any kindly of flesh as this is concerned with killing and it involves killing and leads to karmic repercussions and their choice of food brings about consequences. Killing involves giving pain and according to the karmic law of cause and effect he who gives pain allow rece ive that same sum pain.ChristianityThe parole is divided into the old testament and the new testament. Based upon an epitome of the bible by Zeolla (2005) In the old testament, especially in the Genesis, which refers to the snatch idol created Adam and Eve and the whole universe where it is stated that god made every tree grow and those which seemed pleasant good for food and commanded that man shall eat from these trees. This section of the bible implies that at that time god wanted men to be vegetarian. However, there are sections in the bible whereby god stated that man can eat as much(prenominal) meat as he wishes, where god provided quails for the Israelites. Moreover, there are many situations in the bible where animal sacrifices where made to god or where he himself asked for an animal sacrifice.Social influences and vegetarianismCulture transmission, in principle can be transmitted from any individual to another(Acerbi,2006). It is common that lots of vegetarian parent s expect their children to eat what they eat (Belkin,2009) scorn others arguments that the child should decide when he is old enough(Madsen, 2009) or that eating meat is free choice and what you choose to eat is up to you(Vigneault,2008) . (Roth 2012) argued that kids arent s overseed of veganism and that it is adults who afraid because kids learn when we they are taught. A survey by Katz (2008) and (Berman2011), showed that many of the respondents had become vegans due to the influence of family and friends. It had been reported that the elderlys food choice was because many elderly valued their relationships between spouses or friends over their personal taste preferences (Falk et al . 1996).4. Determining the effects of the marketing mix on the choice of vegetarian foods4.1 ProductA vegetarian diet is a meal plan that consists of largely plants such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seeds and nuts, with a small meter of or no animal products(Evert, 2011). According to Porte r (2009) there are different types of vegetarian diets. If a person says that he is a vegetarian that could mean many things. In each style of vegetarian diet certain foods that are restricted. here(predicate) are a few categories of vegetarianismA Lacto-vegetarian consumes no animal products only for dairy(Ochel,2008)A vegan or a strict vegetarian does not include any animal-based food products. A vegan lifestyle refers to the exclusion of all animal products, such as leather clothing and even honey because honey requires bees. A vegan diet consists carefully reading the labels of packaged foods before purchasing them to manipulate they meet vegan criteria. Stein (2011)An ovo-lacto vegetarian will not eat meat, fish, or domestic fowl or anything which contains eggs but they do consume dairy products. hostile a vegan like diet, vegetarianism tenderizes more flexibility and lets one enjoy some of the things that they are accustomed to eating. (Miles, 2009)Americans are eating 12 % less meat than they did 5 classs ago(Ketzenberger,2012) and less real meat means more fake meat(Nolan,2012.) Fake meats also known as mock meats or faux meat (Sawant,2012) have made a lot of go on in the last ten years(Nolan,2012) to becoming a multi-million dollar exertion today(Olsen 2012). Mock meat is a substitute for meat made with ingredients such as tofu soy and wheat gluten to imitate the taste and fashion of real meat(John,2010).Nolan adds that in the last year alone, over 100 new fake meat products have been introduced in the United States, from beef tips to chromatic chicken,pulled pork. fake sausage and fake burgers. When hippies and many sympathizers sought to subdue or eliminate their meat consumption in the late mid-sixties tofu was well positioned to grab that market, and between 1925 to 1975 America had 528 commercial tofu makers.As stated by (Mintel 2005) manufacturers are doing their best to make alternatives tactile sensation like real, and there is lit tle in the packaging to distinguish vegetarian products. soybean milk is available in packaging that is identical to dairy milk, and meat-free hot dogs look the same as their meat-based counterseparate. However, taste is a more important part for consumers, who rejected the earlier less-tasty versions of soymilk and veggie burgers. Since then, technology has improved the season of vegetarian products. Also helping is the wider array of products that include flavored versions of soymilk and more complex meat alternative products (e.g. chicken-free Buffalo-style chicken wings). These flavored products mask or disguise the beanie flavor that many consumers dislike.Although processed fake meat is not healthy food, in most cases, especially from an animal rights perspective, it is given a pass or is accepted (Striepe,2011). Bittman(2012) believes that it would be very difficult to make people reduce the amount of meat they consume each day, an cream which is more tasty to the mind an d to the mouth is fake meat. According to (Pratt, 2012) This may tantalise some vegans, who do not like the idea of fake meats, and perhaps it is bringing fake meats is too realistic. Absolute vegans firmly admonish that it comfort counts as eating meat in spirit and thus labels them as hypocrites(Rufus,2010).4.2. PriceThere is a strong relationship between the increase in price and the demand for vegetables. The price increases in the UK also meant that a lot of people were not buying the fresh fruits and vegetables which they need to for a healthy and nutritious diet(Pouler, 2012). In 2010 the price rises are affected many families in a way that 10 % of the poor families are consuming 25 % less fruit and 15 % less vegetables(Hill, 2012). Sheehan (2012) also argued that the sparing situation is making it more costly for people to have a morehealthier meal. The price of healthier foods are increasing at a great speed than the that of the unhealthy foods, for example pizzas and bu rgers and people are eating less fruits and vegetables than a decade ago and more and more unhealthier foods because of its affordability. great deal are now looking for a meal that fills the stomach which is the case of most junk food than food that is nutritious. According to MailOnline (2011) when the price of beef and porc had reached records, nothing seemed to have changed regard consumer spending and meat. Moreover, in Kolkata, incessant rains had led to a drastic increase in the price of vegetables which had forced many middle-income families to opt for non-vegetarian meals on their menus(Chawdhuri,2011).(Miser 2011) states that many people hesitate to go for vegetarian meals or to become vegetarians because they believe it is much more costly and expensive. However, she opposed these beliefs by stating that a vegetarian diet is more cost-effective and not too expensive, an argument supported by Greenwood (2011). (Miser 2011) affirms a vegetarian diet is much cheaper in a wa y that chicken can be substituted by beans which is 60% cheaper that the cost of the latter. A person can save up on the cost of electricity which is used to keep the meat frozen. Moreover when a person is purchasing the meat they are paying for parts which are not comestible such as fat and bones.4.3. PlaceHow slowly it is for one to find vegetarian food on menus depends on what type of vegetarian the person is and where he is(Goodyer,2012) . Being vegetarian can also limit your options when dining out Callahan 2010). According to ONeill (2012) Its much harder for vegans who dont eat eggs or cheese to find something they can eat. Japanese food has options for vegans, however Thai food (Goodyer,2012) and in Korea, where there is no Korean word for vegetarian, and which every meal has animal parts in it. (Kerp,2009).Moreover a lot of wine have animal ingredients added for flavour. Vegetarian wine isnt that hard to find these day and the easiest way is to bring ones own wine although in some restaurants this means paying corkage(ONeill,2012)According to Davis (2011) restaurants dont do vegan food because they believe there is no demand for it. Secondly it is too much of a bother, for example separating equipment that use processed meat (Schuna,2011) with such few vegans and most of them will just look at the menu in the window, or the website, and if they see nothing vegan they go somewhere else or else If there is only one vegan item on the menu, then the only option is take it or leave it. Bigger restaurants can afford to offer a wide variety so that customers can come back but this may not be the case of the smaller ones. Thirdly, people do not dine out alone, and most vegans have mostly non-vegan friends and family.When theyre deciding where and what to eat the one vegan influences the end. In this case the restaurant doesnt lose only the one vegan customer, but also their friends and family.4.4. Promoting a Vegetarian lifestyle4.4.1 Vegetarian Food Festi valThe 27th Annual Vegetarian Food Festival in Toronto was tended to(p) by more than 25,000 visitors over three days (Alexander 2012) The purpose of the festival is to educate. There were educational speakers, exhibits by health and wellness marketers and many samples of food by local vegetarian restaurants and food companies. All food samples family-friendly event will be completely free of animal products. (Juhng, 2012)4.4.2 AdvertisementsAdvertisements involving nudity to promote vegetarianismPETA( race for the Ethical treatment of Animals) has become known widely for shocking and unquiet advertisements (Bhasin,2011) such as Turn over a new snap or the Sex with vegetables advert therefore making it very easy to confuse PETA with an organization promoting sex with vegetables(Mahdawi,2012). An ad using sex draw as a strategy is All Animals Have the Same PartsGo Vegan advertisement. The concept of this ad, featuring Pamela Anderson, is that pulverization-farmed animals are ma de of flesh, blood, and bone, just as humans are. They have the same bodily organs, the same five senses, and the same range of emotions, just as humans do.(Schragin,20120). Here, Peta is urging people to see animals as more than just walking entres and that animals who are raised for their meat have personalities and emotions and manikin families and friendships when given the opportunity. Factory farms deny animals the things that are natural and of importance to them and instead confining them to foul and constricted cages. (Croce, 2010)Shocking Advertisements to promote vegetarianismMeet your meat is a video that shocked many(Felip, 2012) and according to Friedrich(2003) it is the most effective dickhead promoting the cause of veganism.The twelve minutes video is a documentary cover the worst practices in the business which are considered as the standards and according to him there is not a single person who has not been touched when he or she had viewed the video. In the vie ws of (Pettit,2012) shocking depictions of animal abuse have been found to be more effective in videos and in the case of pictures mean results were obtained when effects or graphics found it to were used to a low degree.Advertisements which involve compassion towards animalsWhy love one but eat the other? is a provocative ad series in Toronto, which was a great success according( Laurie Wilson, Tyler Jamieson, 2012) asking Canadians to be veg and it would seem riders are responding. The ad draws vigilance to the shocking cruelty faced by animals raised for food in Canada(NEWS,2011). (Runkle,2009)The weightlift consisted of over 200 ads and drew attention to the similarities between the animals we call family and the animals we call dinner. The ads would be run would be viewed over 470,000 times per day, hence exposing millions of riders. champion of the three ads features an inquisitive puppy and a smiling(prenominal) piglet side-by-side and asks, Why love one but eat the othe r? The other two ads feature a fluffy kitten and an every bit fluffy baby chick, and an alert Labrador Retriever next to a curious cow. In each case, these heart-warming images are juxtaposed with graphic photographs of the horrific conditions on factory farms where animals are crammed by the thousands into filthy windowless sheds. Rather than using shock tactical manoeuvre with bloodstained images or nudity, this campaign appeals to peoples sense of compassion and tenderness towards animals(Takeuchi, 2011)(Cheeseman,2009) reports that the strategies of PETAs adverts are based upon focalizing on creating disorder to raise attention. Remorenko (2009) raised the question as to whether these advertisements were effective and put forward that it succeeded in grabbing peoples attention and that4.4.3 Celebrity EndorsersVegetarian and vegan celebrities have made a big difference in bringing attention to the harsh realities of the fur and skin industry. So as to reach a larger audience, th e support of celebrities is crucial. With the help of celebrities jumping aboard to adopt and promote the vegan lifestyle, the image of vegetarianism has metamorphosed significantly in recent years (Contributor, 2012).Organisations such as Peta have many distinction endorsers to help promote the cause such as legendary musician Paul McCartney in a campaign to say no thanks to turkey and eating vegan on thanksgiving. (Ciandella, 2012). A survey by (Moran,2011) however revealed that 46% of British people believe that most celebrities who promote charities are doing it to improve their own public image.One of the key determinants of the success of a celebrity endorser as per (Ritchie, 2012) is if the celebrity fits the product. If the relationship between the celebrity, their public image and the product is a cocksure one, then it could mean product effectiveness. However, if the product a celebrity endorses is a doubtful match, this could hurt the product image or its success an exa mple is actress Natalie Portman who collaborated with startup Te Cesan to design a line of vegan friendly billet. The shoes came with a hefty price and according to (Doan, 2008), overpriced. Within a year the company closed down due to poor sales despite one of the biggest names in Hollywood backing their product because no one thinks of vegan shoes when they think of Natalie Portman. Moreover conflicts of interest may move up and backlash. For example supermodel Naomi Campbell posed in adverts for animal rights group PETA, against wearing animal fur, but she later featured in an ad campaign for a luxury New York furrier, and appeared on the catwalk wearing real fur.(Moran,2011).Determining the influence of animal welfare and environmental concern has on the choice for vegetarian food.Animal Concern and the ethical vegetarianOne of the most concrete reasons for vegetarian food choice is for ethical reasons(Dragunaite,2011). The concept of ethical vegetarians is, that they want to reduce impairment to animals for food or any other reasons. Becoming an ethical vegetarian is a fast process most of the time. The intent to avoid meat due to feelings of guilt, which results in avoiding the purchase of meat to support their beliefs in animal welfare(Schroder, 2004 ). According to Towell (2011) the decision of many people to not eat meat is motivated by compassion and also because they care for animals and dont want animals to be exploited for any reasons (shoeman,2011).Furthermore many animals in animals die in horrifying conditions in farmhouses and slaughterhouses and when people find out that animals are capable of feeling upkeep pain and joy they understand that their diet is not consistent with their values (Towell,211). (Owen,2012) further adds that have an intellectual advantage over other species of animals does not give one the right to oppress them but the responsibility to care for them.Vegetarianism and concern for the environmentAccording to Profita (2011) many people give up on meat for environmental reasons. This is explained by (Borden,2007) stating that a non-vegetarian diet is great burden onto our planet and is an inefficient use of resources(80% of agricultural land in America is used to grow food that is used to feed farmed animals) . Even producing beef has a negative impact on the environment as it produces large amounts of heat-trapping gases (Fiala, 2009). Vidal(2010) pointed out many ways in which it is causing harm to the environment. He adds that it is causing deforestation as may trees have been come out down to be converted into farmland. Moreover it is poisoning the earth in a way waste produced by animals are often dumped in lagoons. It is to be noted that a single farm can perplex as much waste as an entire city. Finally he states that faming uses up a lot of water as 70% of it is used for faming purposes. However Collin(2010) refutes this belief by stating that soy and lentils could cause more harm to th e environment and that a switch to tofu and other substitutes could increase the amount of arable land needed.Perception towards vegetarian foodMckeever (2012) http//eater.com/archives/2012/05/17/just-as-everyone-suspected-manly-men-prefer-eating-meat.phpReiner, R.V, 2007, Disadvantages of expiry veg , http//suite101.com/article/disadvantages-of- dismissal-veg-a13587AR Psychosocial predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption in adults a review of the literature http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471592Mintel 2005, pages 85 Vegetarian foods in the United States 2005http//www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/305430/vegetarian_foods_in_the_united_states_2005Parker-Pope, T.P , 2012, The challenge of going veganJanu, K.J, 2010 , Why do people eat non-vegetarianWhy Do People eat nonvegetarian?MacEachern, M.D, 2009 , 10 surprising reasons to eat less meat, http//www.thedailygreen.com/living-green/blogs/green-products-services/vegetarian-47021902Bender, A.B, 1992, Meat and meat products i n developing countries , http//www.fao.org/docrep/t0562e/T0562E00.htmContentsPope, T.P, 2010,Tasty vegan food? Cupcakes show it can be done http//well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/tasty-vegan-food-cupcakes-show-it-can-be-done/Vigneault, E.V, But meat tastes good, http//www.vegansoapbox.com/but-meat-tastes-good/Rothgerber, H.G, (2012) Real Men Dont Eat (Vegetable) Quiche maleness and the Justification of Meat , Consumption http//psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2012-30417-001/Macari, C.M, 2012, Men eating meat call forth their sense of manhood study reveals, http//news.softpedia.com/news/Men-Eating-Meat-Enhances-Their-Sense-of-Manhood-Study-Reveals-309472.shtmlWilliams, A.W, 2012, Men think eating meat makes them more manly (and even veggie women think veggie men are wimps) http//www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2236768/New-study-shows-men-think-eating-steak-burgers-bacon-makes-manly.htmlRead more http//www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2236768/New-study-shows-men-think-eating- steak-burgers-bacon-makes-manly.htmlixzz2IPzuSkrpBryner, J.B, 2012, Meat