Gambling legalization Essay Example for Free

Gambling legalization EssayGambling is the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize). (Oxford dictionary) some(prenominal) have their own opinions about gambol and at this cartridge holder frolic is not legally effective here in The Bahamas. Such a move would bring an end to an illicit industry that makes tens of millions of dollars a socio-economic class and which employs hundreds but which contributes little to the general good of the Bahamian passel. (The Bahama Journal 2008). There ar umteen aspects of period of play that thunder mug indeed be looked upon positively.Gambling comes in many pee-pees, including betting in casinos, racetracks, bluster events, lotteries, bingo games and even virtual gambling on the Inter dismiss (Oddo 2007) Gambling should indeed be permitd, because it allow for help our economy and society in many ways. If gambling is practiced itll give persons with idle time on their hands, something to do and it can in like manner boost our tourism industry. The legalization of gambling here in The Bahamas go away raceway to an increase in the Bahamas Gross domestic Product (GDP), an increase in appointment, and in the end it can contribute to our enjoyment industry.The legalization of gambling would be of grave benefit for our judicature as it relates to the Gross Domestic Product In an bind titled Legalizing gambling in The Bahamas written by Craig Butler his argument for gambling was that the Prime Minister Rt. Honorable Hubert Ingraham should enforce gambling and put an individual company of auditors to oversee this new development. If gambling is to be legalized then he must cause the bag to be put in place that impart avoid the inevitable attempts at tampering and handling by ingenious persons. (Butler 2008). Once this takes place the Government will be able to implement a taxing system with our own internal receipts service (IRS) s o that a certain region of the funds i. e. twenty tailfin percent will go to the Government in result to a greater extent money would be spent on more than capital goods, meaning more schools will be built and more work infrastructure on our roads will be carried out. In America, Statistics show that approximately 92. 27 billion dollars comes from gambling on a yearly basis.If this equivalent scenario would apply to us here in The Bahamas that will mean that gambling would be of benefit to our revenue and finance sector. Some believe that legalizing gambling would only allow the Government a free grapple of the money, and that sh atomic number 18 will only be spent on their own needs. They will use this money to purchase more cars for them to be chauffeured around in, to have more business dinners for themselves, and to spend on five day trips all around the world and the economy wont feel a dime of it.They are partially right because most people are used to politicians being voted in the domiciliate of Assembly and never coming around to visit their constituents, therefore they lack the trust in accept that the Government will deliver once they start to receive the percentage of winnings. However, they are false because the Government forecasts a certain percentage of money to go into capital goods every year during the budget and the mean(prenominal) percentage that is set aside for education and health care can mature and can be use more significantly.But the legalization of this habit will not lead to an exponential rise in the number of gamblers. It will, however, allow government to fund computer programmemes that can have a positive strike on our youth, such as community centres, sports and education facilities. (Butler 2008) Mr. Butler makes it evidently clear in his epitome in the Bahama pundit that if the Government had the extra funds they would use it wisely. For example, theres now a system set up by National Insurance for the unem ployed. The unemployment benefit pays 100 dollars a workweek to those unemployed and if the Government receives more money this can to go up.Not only Bahamians will be getting taxed but foreigners as well. Therefore all of the foreigners that are here now using our casinos and sledding back with everything, would have to leave that twenty five percent tax fee for the government. Legalizing gambling would in any case lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. In an article entitled Gambling Entertainment, it states that The larger percentage of employment provided by the Gambling industry, including the land based casinos as well as the Online casinos, puts gambling industry on the top of society chart straight away. Having gambling legalized would automatically mean that employment will increase. At present Gambling is in the underground economy mark when it comes to calculating the unemployment rate. Since its illegal workers are considered to be employed, however legally the yre counted as unemployed when it comes to the unemployment rate. In an article written by Olivia Saunders, Saunders illustrated the unemployment rate in a diagram that showed an unemployment rate of 7. 8 percent.Out of this 7. 8 percent count are the people that are already presently working for number houses, if we legalize gambling that rate would automatically decrease. Many are lead to believe that legalizing gambling wont decrease the unemployment rate, because there are already a substantial amount of lottery houses opened already and there are hushed many unemployed, its impossible for this to help our unemployed, and even if it does, it wont completely take care of the problem.They are partially right because legalizing gambling wont lead to a complete decline in the unemployment rate, and it wont be able to employ everyone without a job, however they are misguided because it will help tremendously. Legalizing gambling means that more lotto shops will be able to open, not only in Nassau but also on the family islands which will attract more tourists. Therefore theyll need more staff, this will also lead to more casinos and more people will be hired in many different aspects.For example theyll need cleaners, cashiers, coupe and hostesses. The historical truth is there are many different aspects in our economy that contributes to the unemployment rate both change magnitude and decreasing and this rate can never be steady. However once gambling is legalized and there are more venues opened then its a necessity to hire people to work in them, and these people will then count towards the unemployment rate and itll then decrease. Finally the legalization of gambling can be used as a sport and a form of entertainment.The only form of gambling is not purchasing numbers from the lotto shops as some Bahamians are blindsided to believing, however it is also a sport. There was once a horse racing venue that was used as a sport over here in 1976 but had to leav e because gambling wasnt legal. Legalizing gambling would allow this form of entertainment to once again be practiced. In a journal named Gambling The cost of our future, it indicates that Those who enroll in gambling activities do so voluntarily and, in return, receive intrinsic benefits from their consumption.Furthermore, if consumers are gambling for entertainment purposes, they are purchasing gambling just as they would purchase tickets for the cinema or a symphony. (Basham, White). This statement raises a thoughtful argument because gambling is indeed a lay on the line however this risk is on the same level of buying a cinema ticket and youre not current if the movie will play or a symphony and youre not sure if youll transport it. Opponents believe that having gambling as sports can only lead to more monetary problems for an unstable financial home.They may argue that gambling is an addictive game and some families arent ready for the strain that this dependence entails, and some people may be willing to do anything to satisfy this addiction like render robbery. Gambling addiction is also referred to as compulsive gambling or pathological gambling. Medical motive Roxanne Dryden-Edwards raise a valuable point in her article Gambling Addiction stating that The number of people who gamble socially qualify for being diagnosed with a gambling addiction range from 2%-5%, thereby affecting millions of people in the unify States alone. (Dryden- Edwards) Some may debate that If The Bahamas population is only 316,000 compared to the United States, then our percentage will be more harmful if gambling is practice. But they are misguided because this entertainment and sport may not be addictive but relatively fun and elicit and a good family event for most, even though there may be some self-aggrandizing apples the pros may outweigh the cons. The real truth is that almost everything we do as a form of gaming exercise is pleasurable and having more opportu nities will make gambling more enjoyable.The Government can also implement a system so that gamblers that develop the addiction can be fully interpreted care of and receive psychiatric help called Gamblers Anonymous (GA). According to the the 12 step recovery program statistics Of those in their fourth month of AA meeting attendance (i. e. have stayed beyond 90-days) 56% will still be attending AA at the end of that year. (Holding all others constant if this system is practiced here with addicts word will be beneficial.In conclusion, gambling can contribute to our economy significantly. Many feel as though gambling will cause more harm than good, however if its practiced correctly and everyone abide to the laws that would be put in place, gambling will be more than just an late way to win a substantial amount of money itll be a form of entertainment for many, itll be a sport that can be family orientated and finally it can be a way for our economy to jump back into the expansion ary boom period and no longer claim that we are in a recession.Works Cited Gambling http//wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=gambling Gambling Revenue Current year data, Fact Sheets Statistics. 2003 American Gaming Associations http//www. americangaming. org/Industry/factsheets/statistics_detail. cfv? id=7 Saunders Olivia. Unemployment in The Bahamas Gambling Entertainment. 2006 Royal World Casinos http//www. royalworldcasino. com/gambling_entertainment. hypertext mark-up language Oddo, Alfonso. The Economics and ethics of casino gambling.Review of Business. March 22, 1997. http//www. allbusiness. com/specialty-businesses/653985-1. html Patrick Basham and Karen White. Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized Gambling. http//oldfraser. lexi. net/publications/digital/gamblingwithourfuture. pdf http//www. bahamapundit. com/2008/02/legalizing-gamb. html http//www. jonesbahamas. com/? c=128a=15872 http//www. medicinenet. com/gambling_addiction/article. htm htt p//www. 12step. com/statistics. html.

National Rifle Association Nra Politics Essay

field cash in ones chips Association Nra Politics canvassThe National Rifle Association of America is an American non-profit association that was established in the year 1871 by Union veterans of the American well-mannered War. The group is k directn for promoting private will powers of objet darts, as swell as providing proper(a) law enforcement training, as well as encouraging the safety of spells, highlighting the importance of marksmanship, hunt club activities and self- self-abnegation training in the United supposes.The National Rifle Association is as well as the parent associations of affiliated groups much(prenominal) as the tax-deductible NRA Foundation, a charitable make-up, in admittance to a lobbying group, the Institute for legislative Action (ILA). The NRA is single of the United States largest certifying bodies for firearm safety training and proficiency schooling courses for law enforcement departments, leisure hunting, and adolescent firearm safety. Th e organization has published some(prenominal) magazines and sponsored plenty of marksmanship events that features shooting skills and sports. Due to their charitable contri preciselyions through the manner of existence premier firearms education organization in the world, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) a revenue helping responsible for collecting taxes and the elucidation and enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code has designated the NRA as a 501(c)(3) organization. This allows the NRA organization to be exempted from federal taxes as well to ensure that the financial support for firearms-related activities would be available breakright and for incoming generations.Goals, aims and objectivesThe primary goal of the association when it was first created would be to promote and encourage decease shooting on a scientific basis. That statement was in accordance to a magazine editorial written by one of the fixers. But as time goes on, with multiple incidents through verboten the United States that involve massive casualties in regards to misuse of firearms, from the Virginia Tech to the latest Sandy creep disaster, the NRA had to take a stronger stand against the saucily firearms bills in addition to the repeated attacks towards the imprimatur Amendment and their new goals, aims and objectives had to reflect that. After all the NRAs governmental movement has unceasingly been based on the initiative that the firearm ownership is considered to be a civil by rights that is protected by the blurb Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Therefore the NRA is making it, its mission to maintain the Second Amendment rights and promote enforcement of animated laws against trigger-happy offenders to reduce crime. At the same time, the Association still aims to be the nations leader in firearm education and training for law-abiding particle accelerator owners, law enforcement and the armed services alongside promoting the shooting sports as a whole by focusin g on these objectivesFirearms Training and Owner EducationEven though the NRA is profoundly mixed up in political lobbying, the organization is still staying strong on their root by offering a variety of security programs to promote the responsible use of firearms. The group offers hunting protection instructive courses for adults and children it reaches towards the youth through its Eddie Eagle program. The NRA also makes an attempt to coach firearm owners on the secure storage of firearms through an assortment of publications at their disposal.Confiscation of Firearms in Disaster SituationsFollowing the calamity of Hurricane Katrina in the year 2005, the state of hot Orleans law enforcement police officers were instructed to de-arm citizens before allowing them into evacuation centres. The NRA and the Second Amendment Foundation filed for a temporary restraining order on Sept. 23, 2005 and the order was granted by the U.S. Further flatulence confiscations was barred, as well as the demand for the return of previously confiscated guns to their observant owners. In June of the same year, the NRA came out in support of Act 275 which was signed by Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco. The act forbids the confiscation of firearms from lawful citizens in declared states of emergency.International arms operateLa capital of South Dakota perceives that the United Nations flip of an ordnance manipulate Treaty as an attack on national independence and towards the Second Amendment. He argues that their debate about human rights does non fall under the Second Amendment which is the right to defend oneself. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has stated, in 2009, that the United States has in place an extensive and rigorous system of controls for arms transfers, without calling for excess restrictions. La Pierre, however, argues that Clinton did not bother to mention the Second Amendment or the U.S. sovereignty in her speech and that her conquer on those semin al elements of the freedom, stands in stark gap to the impudent abnegation of the liberty of America as a country.Proposition H in San FranciscoThe majority of supporters in San Francisco approved of Proposition H in November 2005, which, the outcome, would prohibit the sale, assemble and circulation of firearms and ammunitions inside the city limits, and it will be effective as of 1st January, 2006. within a day after(prenominal) the election, the NRA, alongside other gun advocacy groups, filed a lawsuit towards the ban. The law, tally to the NRA, is impeding towards a matter that for all intents and purposes should be set by the state. San Francisco Superior Court infer James Warren had sided with the NRA de shock the city trying to appeal to the courts and failed.political Victory lineThe NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) plays the role of the NRA organizations political action group. The PVF would rank various political candidates, in spite of party attachment, based o n their voting accounts, open statements and reactions towards a PVF questionnaire. These results are then entered into a record, which potential drop voters are able to search by using zip codes.ConstitutionAs mentioned above the NRA considers the right to alimentation and bear arms to be a civil right that is protected by the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution. Consequently the National Rifle Association (NRA) is doing every(prenominal)thing in its power to make sure no American citizen would forget what the Second Amendment stands forThe statement that was approved by the CongressA well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.-CongressThe statement that was ratified by the States and authenticated by the Secretary of State, Thomas JeffersonA well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall n ot be infringed.-Thomas JeffersonIn laymans terms, this amendment states that the American citizens have the right to own a gun. But the world is perceptibly poles apart than it was in the 18th century, and many politicians believe that firearm obstinacy should be restricted and regulated especially with the increase of firearm violence putting to a greater extent storm on every side. The NRA however isnt pushing for complete freedom in regards to public ownership of guns, but they are concerned that some of these new gun legislation would infringe upon the citizens civil rights. Civil rights after all defines itself as a class of rights that protects an individuals freedom from unwarranted infringement by governments and private organizations, in addition to ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without dissimilarity or repression.Organizational structure and system of administrationThe National Rifle Association is overseen through a bo ard of directors, usually reaching to be about 75 people. The board is in charge of pickaxe the prexy, who will act as the organizations representative, from among their members. Among the groups most noteworthy leaders was actor and advocate Charlton Heston, who had stepped down in April 2003 after discovering that he had developed Alzheimers disease. The NRAs sixtieth and present president is Ron Schmeits, who has held the position of first vice president prior to replacing John C. Sigler in May 2009. Sandra Froman has held the post from 2005-2007. Marion P. Hammer, who is surprisingly the groups first female president, had served the organization from the year 1995 to 1998. Both Froman and Hammer currently still serve on the board of directors who are also charged with the task of ap flecking an executive vice president, which is currently held by Wayne La Pierre, Jr. La Pierre functions as the chief executive officer, while Chris W. Cox embraces the position of executive direc tor of the NRA Institute for Legislative Action, along with Kayne Robinson who is the current executive director of NRA General Operations. The present NRA Headquarters can be found situated at 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax , Virginia, United States.Historical development until presentFoundingThe National Rifle Association was founded shortly at the very end of the American Civil War, but it was only several decades after Samuel Colt had opened the first private gun manufacturing facility in 1836. Samuel Colts company had allowed firearms to be make on a hefty scale, leading to the majority use of firearms as sensible and leisure devices. Civil War General, Ambrose Burnside, who was also a U.S. Senator at the time and the former governor of Rhode Island, became the NRAs first president. Burnside was no stranger to firearms, due to both the Union and the Confederacy ramping up the mass production of weapons throughout the betimes 1860s. The Civil War is the apex that launched Ame rica into a new epoch in terms of arsenal, and the National Rifle Association has since stepped up to become a leader in said rising trade. other(a) YearsNear the end of the 19th century, industrial units were producing weapons at reasonable prices, creating widespread individual ownership of weaponry. The NRA trained many of these new gun owners, frequently men who were in the army. The organization at this pull down in time, was not concerned with public policy very little lobbying were done, and they were more concerned with create gun safety classes for the masses. The groups first rifle range, situated on Long Island, was granted by the New York stage legislature. In 1903 Congress set up the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, now known as the Civilian Marksmanship Program, in which the NRA volunteered to help to run. Congress eventually gave additional artillery to NRA-sponsored rifle clubs, permitting the association to develop westward. Due to an overwhelm ing awareness in the NRAs shooting programs, the faction had to be expand to a new facility that was created near a Lake Erie in Ohio.WWII EraIn the year 1934 the NRA create its Legislative Affairs Division with the intent to take upon the grounds of protecting the Second Amendment of the Constitution. The NRA at that point was not involved in lobbying, but the group did mail out legislative facts and summaries to their members, who are able of taking subsequent action. The NRA offered its services to the government during World War II the organization even further its members to serve as guard members during the war. The association went on to develop training materials for industrial security, and helped to gather more than 7,000 firearms for Britains defence against a possible invasion from Germany.Post WWIIThe mood of the association transformed after the routine world war, as the NRA began to accommodate the more leisure sportsman. The NRA came out in support of the Gun Con trol Act of 1968, which forbade the exchange of artillery. In 1980 the group sanctioned a presidential contender, Ronald Reagan, for the first time. To further its defence of gun rights, the NRA ultimately fashioned the Institute for Legislative Action, or ILA, in 1975. In 1997 the NRA began publication of The American Guardian to appeal to a more conventional audience and focus less on the practiced feature of firearms the publication was renamed to Americas 1st Freedom in the year 2000. NRAs present shooting range, Camp Perry, is now currently the dwelling of the yearly National Matches, an NRA marksmanship competition that sees more than 6,000 people competing against each other every year.Achievements and failuresIn addition to helping to overturn Proposition H in San Francisco and supporting Act 275 in Louisiana the NRA can boast a number of political and legislative victories. The NRAs Political Victory Fund endorsed several candidates in races in Virginia in November of 2009 -Bob McDonnell for governor, Ken Cuccinello for attorney general and Bill Bolling for lieutenant governor. solely three candidates won their relevant races, as well as 58 out of the 59 nominees in the Virginia House of Delegates who were endorsed by the PVF. In nationwide congressional races in 2008, 230 of the 271 candidates (85%) endorsed by the PVF were triumphant. In addition, the PVF attained an 84% achievement rate in thousands of state legislative races the same year.Despite these amazing numbers of political and legislative victories, the NRA still faces a huge amount of failures on their part. For years the NRA has had a net irrefutable ranking with the community. No longer. A recent poll from Public Policy Polling found that in the limit following the Sandy Hook massacre, support for the firearm advocacy association cut down from 48 percent to 42 percent, at the same time as negative views amplified from 41 percent to 45 percent. With the recent rise of terror and viole nce that centres around firearms being easily accessible to purchase to anyone with the representation to do so, the NRA has failed to convince the public that it is alright to indulge in purchases that not only is a condition right to the people by the people, in regards to bearing in arms under the code of individualised safety but also that by letting the government control the rights in weapon get ownership, will equal to the masses being submitted to a tyrannical ruling. Many have pointed out that the organizations actions may perhaps have a secondary agenda which involves the 12 billion dollar gun manufacturing their alliance has allowed firearm makers and firearm distributors broad, and unparalleled, protection from a wave of legal responsibility lawsuits related to gun violence in Americas cities.Is the nations most powerful gun lobby are mostly looking out for its foundation constituency, the approximate 80 million Americans who owns a gun? Or is the group acting on be half of those that make and sell those guns? According to a 2012 poll conducted by GOP pollster Frank Luntz for Mayors Against Illegal Guns, 74 percent of NRA members actually support the mandatory background schools for all gun purchases, a position that the NRA has stridently opposed.Theres a big difference between the NRAs rank and file and the NRAs Washington lobbyists, who live and breathe for a different purpose, Mark Glaze, the executive director of the gun control group, said.In short NRA has failed to live up to the pedestal that they have initially carved, their recent statements has shown contradictions in their objectives such as promoting firearm safety events akin the Sandy Hook carnage made it apparent that there is no association between the NRAs defence of semi-automatic weapons that can fire off dozens of rounds in a few seconds which was the weapon of choice by the Sandy Hook killer, and the artillery that the daily gun owners have for hunting or for their pers onal safety. A nations safety is jeopardize when its civilians is allowed to own high-capacity guns and magazines designed and manufactured for mass-killings of humans without any background security check done towards them.Future developmentOn January 16, 2013, in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary shoal shooting and other overwhelming national tragedies, President Obama had announced a preparation for improving the control of firearms in the United States, along with providing better admission to mental health services. The plan had included proposals for new laws meant to be passed by Congress, as well as a sequence of executive actions that does not require Congressional endorsement.The goal of the proposed actions was to discover a way to make it a little bit more complicated for individuals who have no legal right to have a gun for them to obtain it. age the senate may have voted down the first part which is background checks on firearm buyers, the recent heave up of ang er and public frustration has proven that more and more people are raising up to be against gun crimes and unlawful ownerships.This could lead to more trouble for the NRAs current standings and their future developments which is to continue oppose for the most part the new gun-control legislation. The NRA instead calls as an alternative, for stricter enforcement of active laws such as segregation of convicted felons and violent criminals from possessing firearms and the improved sentencing for gun-related crimes. The NRA also would also still be continuing to advocate for the practice of concealed work and takes stronger standings on non-firearm hunting issues, such as supporting wildlife management programs that would allow hunting. This is also in addition to opposing restrictions on devices like crossbows and leg hold traps. As part of their response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting incident, the NRA has reached out towards the United States Congress to fund suitabl e funds for a program that aims to provide armed law enforcement representatives that would guard students in every learning institute as part of their future ventures this is in addition to another future formation of a program that would advocate areas of security, building design, access control, information technology, and student and teacher training for the very best practices.

Impact of Greek and Roman Civilization

Impact of Hellenic and papistic CivilizationINTRODUCTIONThere is no superannuated level without the manpowertion of classic and Roman civilizations. Ancient civilization was part of the history that formed the basis of the instauration we know to twenty-four hour period. Many people would ask why Greek and Roman civilizations became so popular in the world. In horse opera gloss and identity, Greeks occupy a very prominent place in conception. The Greeks set out made generations of influential writers and scholars e excessly due to their Hellenic culture. Roman civilization on the an another(prenominal)(prenominal) mitt was founded in 800BC on an Italian peninsular (Spielvogel, 2008). Roman civilization, which is a mighty empire, started as a monarchy and so shifted to a republic before becoming an empire. Much of ancient Rome culture got inspiration from ancient Greece (Mahaffy, 2009).Collins Randal in the book The sociology of philosophies a global theory of mental chan ge points out that culture begets itself. He points out that culture is autonomous and that culture explains its changes, terms and forms (pg 9). Collins points out that, culture beliefs lots(prenominal) as religion, ethnic consciousness and semipolitical ideologies are not correlated with social variables such as enlighten. Collins says that intellectual activity is basis of intellectual communities. The various aspects that make up intellectual activities include religion, social knowledge and intellectual networks.RELIGION IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATIONGreeks and Roman are intellectual communities that believed in religion. Greeks believed that religion was important because it made their lives better. They believed in umteen graven images and goddesses (polytheistic).They believed that gods would take care of them two when they were living and when they died. The Greeks believed that their gods and goddesses were very powerful that they controlled everything from the winner of a race to waves in the ocean (Mahaffy, 2009). Each god or goddess had one or two specific roles they performed and controlled in bread and butter. The Greeks built beautiful temples for their gods where they used to go commune, worship and offer sacrifices in form of animals. The Greeks prepared festivals in honor of the gods whereby they sacrificed animals as gifts to their gods. The Greeks made turgid festivals that included a feast with music, plays and dancing later which they paraded and made sacrifices. An example of a Greek goddess is genus Athene (goddess of wisdom and war). A temple kn profess as Parthenon, built for the goddess stands to date.The Greeks believed that Mount Olympus was where all their gods and goddesses lived. Examples of nigh of the gods the Greeks idolize and their specific roles include Zeus-supreme leader of the Gods, Hermes-messenger of the gods and Poseidon- god of the sea. Collins stated that one of the intellectual activities relating to religion is grown intellectual rituals (pg 28).Greeks showed their solidarity through sacred ritual of animal sacrifices and festivities.The Romans later worshipped the same gods as Greeks further under assorted names (Guaitoli, 2006). The Greeks could not worship at the temple only if but at that place were holy sites referred to as oracles. The Greeks believed their gods used signs in nature to answer their questions. They used their priests to ask their question and heed to the answers through signs.Romans just standardized Greeks believed in religion and attached great importance to it. unspoiled like the Greeks, they were polytheistic, they believed that their gods were responsible for their creation and controlled their lives. Romans separate religion in to state religion and household religion (Spielvogel, 2008).Household religion involved worshipping the gods that protected the family and house. Roman houses contained a sacred place regarded as altar where every family taped to the gods individually morning. well(p) like the Greeks, The Romans believed in gods and goddess that they believed controlled everything in life from killing for food to falling in love.Just like the Greeks, Romans honored their gods and goddesses by building grand temples. They also offered animal sacrifices to the gods and gave them gifts that they thought would please them. They believed that if the gods were halcyon with them, they would in return receive good luck but if they were angry with them, something would go wrong.Political institutions in Greek and Roman CivilizationCity-states divided Ancient Greece with capital of Greece as the largest metropolis-state (Liberati Bourbon2002). City-states were many small areas sub-dividing the state. The craggy ecology of Ancient Greece separated the city-states making it very difficult to travel from one city-state to another. Everyone believed that their city-state was better than the other was although they all worshipped the same gods and had similar traditions. Initially a few wealthy men govern the city-states before a government system was introduced.Each city-state had its own government who ruled through democracy. The republican government allowed people to rule and to vote for their leaders. Athens subdivided their people in to trey classes the f number class that consisted of staminate citizens born in Athens, shopping center class consisted of male citizens not born in Athens while the lower class consisted of slaves. Voting in ancient Greece took place in public assemblies and only males born in Athens voted. The upper class group discussed the laws that benefited ancient Greece but not the middle class or lower class.Ancient Rome was an empire that had emperors as the leaders. Just like Greece, a government headed by an emperor ruled Rome. The power of the government in Rome was balanced among three branches the executive, the legislative and the judicial (Guaitoli, 2006 ).The executive branch consisted of two leaders (consuls), elected by the upper class to serve for one year. Their role was to order Roman army during wars and supervise the senate. Mayors, tax collectors, city police among other superior person in cities formed part of executive branch.The senate consisting 300 male citizens who owned the land formed the legislative branch. The men appointed by the consuls controlled the consuls by telling them how much to spend and on what activities. The judicial branch consisted of six judges that decided on the punishments the criminals would receive. The judges elections occurred after every two years (Guaitoli, 2006).In Rome only adults had permission to vote and just like the Greek system, males who owned the land could only do amendment or criticize law.Role of Men and women in Greek and Roman CivilizationMen, women and children had different roles and responsibilities in Greek and Roman culture. In Greek culture, men wore special clothes k nown as chitons. Chitons showed the man status in the society specifically through the decoration. The men mostly worked as farmers or businesspersons during the day and demanded great respect while at home. Men were the ones in charge of the house and the family. Women and children in Greek culture did not eat in the same means as men. The slaves fed and entertained men during dinner as they lay on couches.Women on the other throw were not given much responsibility, they were not allowed to go to Olympics, visit the city or notwithstanding eat or sleep in the same room as men. Their work was to run the household, boast children and manage the slaves if they were wealthy and if not work the fields.In the Roman culture, men wore clothes known as togas. The patterns and color of a mans togas showed what his status was in the society. Men in Roman culture were the masters of the family and the house. They worked during the day and socialize with other men in the afternoon and eveni ngs. Men in Roman culture had different roles depending on whether you were rich or poor. The man main role was to provide for his family. Women on the other hand took care of the household and children. Women in Roman culture were not too restricted as some could hold jobs such as teaching.Comparing Religion and Political Institutions in Greece and RomeGreeks and Romans portrayed many similarities in their religion beliefs and rituals. Both cultures were polytheistic, believing in many gods and goddesses. Both cultures also believed that the gods and goddesses controlled everything in life from creation, their lives and everything that goes on. Greeks and Romans believed their goods were very powerful and that they gods took care of them both(prenominal) when they were living and when they died. Both Greeks and Romans believed in intellectual activity of religious rituals. Both cultures honored their gods and goddesses by offering animal sacrifices. Both Greeks and Romans built be autiful temples where they used to pray and offer sacrifices to their gods and goddesses. Both cultures believed that the gods answered their prayers through natures signs. Roman believed that gods would show a sign if they were happy and they were unhappy something noisome would happen. Both cultures had many gods and goddesses with each god or goddess having a specific role to play or a specific place to control.Despite having so much similarity in the religion, Greeks and Romans also make water some differences in their religious beliefs. Although both cultures believed in gods and goddesses, they had named them differently. Greeks believed that their gods and goddesses live on Mount Olives (Sansone, 2004) whereas Romans did not earn a specific place where all their gods and goddesses lived. Greeks religion was not classified while Roman classified their religion as either state region or household religion. Greeks had set-up holy sites known as oracles where they used to pray in, while Roman has set places in their houses known as altars where they used to pray at as a family.Greeks and Roman civilizations were similar in the way their political institutions were made. They both believed in a government system of ruling. Both Greeks and Romans voted for their leader who was the head of the government. Both cultures regarded the upper class males citizens by nativity as the only significant people in law making and amendment. In both cultures, women were not allowed to vote and only adults who had attained the legal age (18 years) could vote.The differences in political institutions included issues such as the Greeks believed in democracy while the Romans it depended on the political leaders chosen. The Roman government consisted of three branches, the executive, the legislature and the judiciary while the Greek government all people ruled. Greece had sub disagreement called city-states with each city-state having its own government while Rome there was only one government with three branches that rules the land.CONCLUSIONRoman and Greek civilization form a part of ancient history of the world. They both greatly influenced the Western culture as some of the beliefs and culture followed today got inspiration from them. When we compare the two cultures to the Collins theories of intellectual activity, it is evident that the two cultures were rich in culture intelligence. They had deep respect in religion and rituals that brought them together socially (Collins, 2000 pg 28). The social problems the two cultures exhibit is division in to classes only males who are citizens by birth are allowed to vote. Women are not mentioned anywhere in any political decisions showing gender biasness. Just as most historians suggest, Greek culture highly influenced Roman culture. In terms of religion and political institutions, the two cultures can be classified as socially intelligent despite of social division and gender inequality.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

gestational Diabetes MellitusIn order to en legitimate that the bug outcome of the set aboutliness is the topper for mother and baby, a routine is under interpreted which is embraced by the term Ante original wish. Ante natural address is simply caring for the mothers before apprehend and delivery and too preparing the mothers safey for delivery because of safe motherhood. This pot scarce be achieved by if mother is seen early preferably before the tenth week and at continuous intervals thereafter. In this essay, I bequeath be discussing one of the factors which are (GDM) gestational diabetes mellitus which affects the normal physiological gestation period asseverate. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate in tolerance resulting in hyperglycaemia of variable severity with its onset and premier recognition during motherhood. Insulin is an essential internal secretion c entirely for for glucose transfer into the muscle and adipose tissue ce lls. For women with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy potful present some particular changes for both mother and the chela. If the woman who is with child(predicate) has diabetes, it can cause early and very large babies (Macrosomia). Management of expectant mothers with diabetes needs very firm and accurate sway even in advance of having pregnancy. There are question whether the condition is natural during pregnancy or not. Gestational diabetes is caused when the insulin receptors do not function prissyly, due to pregnancy related factors such as the presence of human placental lactogen that interfere with susceptive insulin receptors. Gestational diabetes affects 3-10% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied, so whitethorn be a natural move onrence (Littleton, 2005,). During a normal pregnancy, m each physiological changes occur such as increased hormonal secretions that influence melodic phrase glucose aims, such as glucose drain to the fetus, slowed emptying of the stomach, increased excretion of glucose by the kidneys and foeman of cells to insulin.Moving further, I as the back-natal clinic nurse will first afflict to collect as much education as I can from the patient. During her 12th week of gestation, Mrs. B came for her ante natal casing reservation. She was already 3 months and this was her initial visit to the ante natal clinic. I book Mrs. B by obtaining subjective data from her. I as the nurse, foremost I offered her seat so that she can sit in train with me. After that I took her personal history after greeting the client. She was expression ease and welcomed. I communicated with her in English because she was able to understand and I in any case kept in mind that level of education world power be low so I used simple interpretations of facts. Her first impression was very life-threatening because she was a Primip-gravida and she looked happy and relaxed. Her physical characteristics were good, because (posture) she was sit comfortably and even she was working normally without any line (gait). She looked health during her first visit to the clinic. After this observation during interview, I had taken her full personal history. Her full name is Mrs. B. She was born on 15th of April, 1989 at Labasa Hospital. Her age now is 24 years. Just because she is Fijian, I did not get h gray-haired of for her fathers name, nevertheless, she is married to a Fijian, 25 year old businessman. She is a primary school teacher. Her husbands name is Mr. C and they reside in Namara, Labasa and both of them are Methodist. Both capture attend tertiary institutions and are well tutord. She gave her husbands name and speech sound number for emergency purpose. Secondly, I obtained Mrs. B family history. Not much information was given by Mrs. B because her parent and grandparents were of Fijian origin and they lived in village. Her mother had diabetes only. Thirdly, I took the medical history of Mrs. B, according to her she is not having any medical problems and she was never admitted before for any illness. Mrs. B is only sensitized to penicillin antibiotic. In her social history, it is interesting to know that this would be their first child in the family, so no case of negligence or overcrowding in the home. They both, husband and wife earn enough for their upcoming family. She is not a teenager and has a good age for first child bearing. She is physically, psychologically and financially strong to mother a child. They live in a concrete and iron roofing house and they reside in an industrial area. They both neither smoke nor consume alcohol or drugs. She did not suffer a surgical history. She did not have any group AB, pelvic, cardiac surgeries or either injuries. I did not ask anything near her old obstetric history because this was her first pregnancy. As a nurse, I asked her roughly any abortionsmiscarriage provided Mrs. B said no because they used family readiness devices bef ore so she did not had any abortions and miscarriage. There was no gynecological history for Mrs. B. Her menstrual history, she has menses which last for 3 days- 4 days. She was cardinal years when she had had her first menses (menarche). Just because Mrs. B was 12 weeks pregnant, I did not ask her about on set of movement but calculated her expected date of delivery (EDD). Her last menses occurred on 17th of February until 20th of February. It is a four days regular spring according to Mrs. B. So her expected date of delivery would be xvii plus seven and add 9 months from indicated date, so that will be on 24th day of November. After this assessment, I did the physical query of Mrs. B.Firstly, I took Mrs. B height and it was 168cm, her cant was 62.5kg and to notice difference in her weight, it had to be taken on every visit. Mrs. B urine assay was do for protein and glucose, mid stream specimen was taken and this was do in all the visits to get the results from laboratory. Her countercurrent pressure was taken. consanguinity test was in any case done for emergencies and surgical procedures. As a nurse, we in like manner checked for edema. This may not be seen during initial visit but as pregnancy progress it can be noticed. All this assessments and examinations were done by twain nurses since I had to have a female nurse since I was interviewing a female client and received a lot of information about Mrs. B and her health. This also built a putation of a swear relationship.In addition to this, a goal of antenatal care is every bit serious because this acts as guidance in caring for the antenatal case holistically. Firstly, the aim that is to monitor the progress of pregnancy in order to condescend the maternal health and normal foetal training and to ensure that the mother reaches the end of pregnancy in a healthy state and delivers a healthy baby. Nurses and midwives are the best people to detect the problem early, mention it and treat t he problem before progression of savvy and delivery. More of our aims entangle identification of women at risk. As a nurse you moldiness educate clients at tall risk pregnancy on their medications, follow-up, nutrition and exercise, so that they can get a positive result. To assess levels of health by taking a detailed history and to after appropriate cover test. Ask to identify risk factors by talking accurate expound of past and present obstetric, medical, family and personal history. Another aim is to provide a good opportunity for the women and her family to express and discuss any concerns they might have about the current pregnancy and previous pregnancy loss, labour, birth or pueperium.. Lastly, the most vital is the delivery of the healthy term child without signs of straiten or any abnormality.Further much, the nurses role on an individual basis in managing for the gestational diabetes mellitus women are broad and as follows. A nurse must carry out a proper procedu re when dealing with a GDM mother so that she and the infants risk of complications are reduced. Firstly, a nurse must obtain service line data from the patient. Secondly, I carried my treat assessment on Mrs. B, I took her vital signs. This was very much important because an increase in rent pressure and weight may be a sign of PIH, which is a frequent complication associated with diabetes. After that I asked Mrs. B about her gestational age because it assists in managing pregnancy and think timing and method of delivery. Apart from this ultrasound examination was also carried out on Mrs. B for abnormalities, confirm age of gestation, and monitor the size and weight of fetus. Uterine size, foetal activity, fetal heart rate evaluate and excogitate fetus status and well. Other intervention which I carried out independently was to monitor blood sugar level frequently, as this was checked more often than usual according to the ready. Also I made sure that each time when checking the blood sugar level a proper record of the result and presented to the health care team for evaluation and qualifying of the treatment. Many may need extra insulin during pregnancy to reach their blood sugar targets since insulin is not harmful to the baby. During her one of the clinic, Mrs. B was examined routinely and was pitch that there was glucose in the urine and the blood organisation level was to a higher place targets. I gave insulin therapy to control the sugar further. Also I advised on the meals, to cut down sweets, eat tercet small meals and one to three snacks a day, maintain proper meal times and include fit fibre intake in the form of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Mrs. B tended to(p) her clinic when she was 24 weeks, after examining Mrs. B, her blood glucose level was not in control as a result. So we had to admit Mrs B to the ante natal ward for insulin therapy. The aim here was to stabilize the blood glucose level. Mrs. B was admitted. I explained h er about the ward, orientated about the ward protocols, meal hours and the special provender which she will have. The first 2 to 3 days, 4 point was done to find out if patient should be adequately controlled on diet, if not then insulin was recommended. Mrs. B was supposed to have 4 points procedure, so I kept her on nil by mouth post midnight. race specimen one was collected at 7am, then patient to have breakfast. Specimen 2 was taken at 9.30am. Specimen 3 was taken at 1.30pm and 4th one was taken at 6.30pm.Moreover, the health care team as a whole had collaborative role towards care of the pregnant mother who was reaching 26 week gestation. Effective ante natal care for women with diabetes mellitus should be provided by a multidisciplinary team in a joint diabetes and antenatal clinic (Fraser, 2009). The woman is seen often as required in order to maintain good glycaemia control. Treatment depends on the blood glucose levels. The midwife should involve both the diabetic nurse o r (midwife) specializer and dietitian in dietary interventions. Mrs. B was advised by the dietician about nutrition ideally diabetic women who anticipate pregnancy will follow a prescribed well balanced dietary provender before conception and will be in a state of good metabolic control. The dietician advised Mrs. B on the caloric requirement for the normal weight client is 35 calories per kilogram. Doctors advised Mrs. B on insulin treatment. Physiotherapist advised Mrs. B on importance of lessen exercise during pregnancy typeface walking, swimming because it helps lower blood glucose level this decrease need for insulin. Also Mrs. B was advised by the doctor on other medical management such as literal metformin medications. Nurses should also monitor blood glucose on a regular basis throughout pregnancy. So counselling before pregnancy (for example about pr particularive folic acid) and multi disciplinary management are important for good pregnancy outcome.Moreover, highligh ting the reasons for the interventions carried out gives an idea that wherefore this particular care for intervention on Mrs. B who was diagnosed as gestational diabetes. Firstly as a nurse, I determine Mrs. B at GDM risk. It was better that her problem was identified earlier or else if she would not have been attending her clinics there would have been increased risk for hyperglycaemia, infection, pregnancy induced hypertension and also hydramnios. Since Mrs. B was diabetic, the infant would have been at high risk of macrosomia and also congenital abnormalities. All this would have whiz to difficulties in vaginal deliveries. Secondly, baseline vital signs, height, weight should be monitored in every subsequent visits. Blood pressure was taken when I asked Mrs. B to lie in a left lateral position so that an accurate reading was achieved. Mrs. B was also monitored by (sonography) ultrasound examining subsequently during her visits for fetal abnormalities, confirmation of gestatio nal age and also to monitor size and weight of fetus. Activity (kicking) fetal movement was also maintained by nurses to find that fetus body active. Collaboratively, urinalysis, culture and sensitivity were done to detect asyptomatic bacteriuria, a precursor to event pyelonephritis, to which the diabetes is especially prone. Midwives also performed a fundal examination, initially and subsequently atleast once a trimester for Mrs. B to detect any vascular changes accompanying diabetes. Mrs. B was also advised by the dietician on nutrition and hydration to maintain blood glucose targets to normal. Client knowledge about self monitoring by the midwives allows the development of an appropriate teaching plan to ensure compliance and minimize risk of complications. Mrs. B was also educated on support system and run because of the high risk of the pregnancy so that necessary support system and assistance can be obtained. Psychosocial and economic factors with special consideration to th e parental stress evoked by the high risk pregnancy was explained to her so that she does not take too much stress which can lead to high risk pregnancy, research has shown that gestational diabetes experience more nerve-wracking responses than pre gestational diabetics for all aspects of the medical regimen (Perry, (2006). 4 points procedure was done on her following the glucose tolerance test for the proceeding of insulin therapy. After insulin therapy Mrs. B was discharged and called for her clinic subsequently to detect whether blood glucose was maintained or not. During her visits, the midwives performed abdominal examination, vaginal examination and fundal palpation to establish and affirm that fetal development is consistent with gestational age during progression of pregnancy. This was done to detect fetal growth, fetal lie, fetal presentation etc. When Mrs. B was 35 weeks, during her clinic it was found that the blood glucose level was maintained, there was no glucose in urine and no other signs as before due to gestational diabetes two which was medically controlled.To sum up, later on during her 37 weeks of gestation Mrs. B was having labour pain and she was rushed to hospital with all her belongings needed in concert with the babies clothes and other things. She was admitted direct to the labour ward in the set room. fetal heart rate monitoring and vaginal examination was done. She was 3-4cm dilated and was taken to first stage room for further assessment on partogram and vaginal examination. The following morning she gave birth to a healthy term infant without signs of distress and or hypoglycaemia. Therefore, our strength was that we collaboratively, the health care team identified the patient at risk on an early stage that is why there was no complication during or after delivery. And our weakness lies if all the health care team do not identify high risk of pregnancy at an early stage therefore, early booking is equally very important.(Appro x words2500)ReferencesBrown, D., Edward, H. (2005). Medical-Surgical treat Assessment Management of clinical Problem. Australia Elsevier.Crisp, J., Taylor, C. (2013). Potter Perrys Fundamentals of nursing (4th ed.). Australia Elsevier.Fraser, D, M., Cooper, M, A. (2009). Myles Textbook for Midwives (15th ed.). Australia Elsevier.Perry, L. (2006). Maternity Nursing (7th ed.). Australia Elsevier.Mc Kinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Ashwill, J. (2005). Maternity Child Nursing (2nd ed.). Australia Elsevier.Littleton, L, Y., Engebretson, A. (2005). Maternity Nursing Care. ground forces Elsevier.1

Factors in Financing Public Education

Factors in Financing frequent procreationIntroduction to mankind direction common teaching method is about the development of each child as an individual and their abilities to benefit our societies. Colleges and universities be critical social enterprises that strike operated by and large un mixtured for centuries. In new-fang direct categorys, however, the traditional models of higher pedagogy maintain struggled to respond to the demands of new consumer groups, rapidly evolving demands of existing stakeholders, and emerging technologies that fundamentally change historic assumptions about how, when, why and what pot learn (Public Administration Review, 2015). Public program line in the United States means a surrender nurtureal activity for all students, which holds enormousness to families who ar underprivileged scarcely still be the right to reproduction regardless of their religion, race or abilities. commandment holds grandeur as our nation has strengthene d be social movement of what people know and can do. Public education has proposed opportunity for advancement and made an economic difference for individuals, as The United States is a world leader in high nurture completion Eighty-seven percent of eighteen to twenty four year olds have completed high teach (American Imperative, 2006). So, popular education is a worthy investment for severalize judicature, with immense social and economic benefits. However, thither still remains a high and low end of yearbook expenditures of counties within the states on education, as it is never equal. Improving education outcomes has been take the standn through and through studies to result in national saving of about seven short letterion dollars in earth assistance, food stamps, and housing assistance. These are just a few examples of what the presidential terms cash towards education can help reduce the cash needed in other areas. Also, with improved education society benefits when citizens are employed with higher earnings as it gives the organization the ability to nail greater tax revenue. All of these factors contri exactlye to why education holds immensity for citizens as swell up as our government, but the lack of financial moderate is the issue of immenseness. Most believe the national budget is of more importance to our government than the education of citizens, which is the nevertheless way we get knowledgeable citizens to cast our government.Supporting Factor of Finances Spent on Public EducationNearly half of the K-12 education reenforcement in the United States is intend to come from the states, drawn from a combination of income taxes, fees, and other taxes. This is why the human race finances contribute to education, beca make use of without these funds the educational transcriptions of each state would move over to exist. As an overall share of the total federal budget, federal expending on elementary and substitute educat ion programs through the U.S. Department of Education account for less than three percent of the total federal budget. In the annual appropriations process, elementary and secondary education backing accounts for about five-spot percent of discretionary funding across all federal programs. primal school funding litigation efforts generally foc employ on education equity, which sought the same level of per-pupil funding for every student in the state. Since the late 1980s, litigation has focused more on education adequacy, which check up onks funding levels necessary to ensure that every student possesss an enough education. Defining what constitutes an adequate education as well as what resources are necessary to endure that level of education, have been central questions in the litigation (School Finance). For the past several(prenominal) years, we have been living through the most severe recession since the corking Depression, which has affected macrocosm education, not j ust through cuts to core programs, but through job losses that destabilize students families, cuts to other critical go that the communities depend on, and stress that pulls at the social fabric that unites us. Public Education is a humanity responsibility and must be a humans trust. As used here, the term public education means education that is publicly financed, tuition- free, accountable to public authorities, and accessible to all students. It covers various types of public schools, including traditional schools, charter and magnet schools, vocational schools, and alternative schools. During the 1960s and 70s, the federal government enacted a series of laws aimed at alter education for silly children, migrant children, students with disabilities, Native Americans, limited-English proficient children, and women and girls. These laws brought additional funding to public schools, on with new directments to meet the special need skilfuly of particular groups of students. In modern years, the emphasis of state and federal reforms has shifted to improving public education for allstudents. The No Child Left Behind Act requires public schools to steadily bring on achievement and to close the test score gaps that exist for minority, poor, and special needs students until champion hundred percent of United States students are performing at the same high level. Schools that fall short of these goals must undergo a series of interventions. In summary, the growth of public education during the past 2 centuries has been fueled by high ideals about advancing the common good, but the realities of public schools have slightlytimes failed to live up to these ideals (Kober, 2007). Most taxpayers provide this subsidy because public education in their eyes is crucial to forming the public good. It prevents poverty as well as decreases the crime rate, and prepares young people for the work force, and fosters social mobility. The United States has changed dramatica lly since the early debates on the utilisation of public schools and the role of the federal government in load-bearing(a) and sustaining them. The importance of education for the common good has shifted from primarily topical anaesthetic control to state and national control, with national attention from the national government and national organizations. Studies have shown that twenty five percent of most state budgets contribute to educational funding (Jenkins and Hill, 2011). States are one of the main funders of the nations public elementary and secondary schools, which provide grants to local school districts where entities are responsible for administering schools. However, the federal government provides only about ten percent of public school revenues. Although the funding numbers have increased, on that point is still a lack of federal dollars relating to the opposing factors. oppose Factors of Finances Spent on Public EducationAmericans spend more to educate their ch ildren than the citizens of most other countries in fact, only Norway spends more per capita on education. Yet when it comes to student performance, the United States ranks no wagerer than bonnie, resting directly in the middle of the pack of developed nations. Rising government debts and lack of improved student performance have led some to call for cutbacks in school funding. In recent years, skyrocketing state and federal debt levels have led some politicians to support cuts in the educational budget. nonprogressive politicians have vowed to eliminate the Department of Education ever since its creation, arguing that nurture is an issue for states and local governments to handle, and that tax dollars could be better spent elsewhere. some other strategy aimed at reducing government spending is the restriction of public employee union rights, particularly those of teachers unions. In 2011, Wisconsin governor Scott Walker introduced a bill that sought to eliminate the right of t eachers and other public employees to collectively mickle for their salary and benefits. This was presented as a way to reduce state cost and to help close the budget gap. Critics of the current public school system have argued that, despite massive education spending in recent decades, public schools are doing a progressively worse job of educating American children. For example, Washington, DC, boasts one of the highest per-student school funding rates, yet scores below average on student performance. Public school advocates point out that untold of the current spending in the public school system goes toward administrative costs if the federal and state governments reduced the number of regulations and policies that school districts are forced to follow, they assert, the money saved could be spent on improving the teacher-to-student ratio and purchasing necessary schoolroom supplies such(prenominal) as textbooks-areas proven to directly impact student performance (Gale, 2015). Assessment of Supporting and Opposing Sides of Public Education FundingIn my research, I found that two of the supporting and opposing sides have arguable factors to their belief in whether or not public financing through the government is relevant and laborsaving in education. I believe that while both sides do show factual proof of evidence, I agree that finances should be used in the budgeting process of the government and states for education. Each citizen should be given full advantage of an education to broaden their future regardless of their financial situation. As the schooling systems receive funds, this drop by the waysides an opportunity for supplies as well as facilities to be created and purchased to hold schooling and educational opportunities. The supporting and opposing factors are a result in the expenditures of tax dollars and revenues, which creates the combustion between the two parties. firearm it is hard to provide whether one argument trumps another, I fe el that the supporting factors of government spending on education are pertinent to myself. Public education specifically relates to myself because if it were not for the opportunity to receive a free education through my local government, my parents would not have obtained the ability to shine me to receive a higher education college. Also, in the supporting factors is tell the factual evidence that education improves the communities as well as lower berths things such as crime rates which is of importance to our common wealth and good. The federal and state debt levels have led to politicians deceiving beliefs in education as well as their support in reducing the federal budget for them. This has led to controversy about whether the issue should be left to state and local or federal government when it comes to the financial standpoint. If education is what entails a citizen existence equipped for their desired field, then I do not see why limiting the money for a skill needed for occupation would even be an option. If the federal government is limited in the education department, then that includes the omission of federal student loans to only cliquish loans. Federal government has to rebuild their education funding.ConclusionAs the federal debt is increasing, I agree that the federal government has to budget accordingly in the educational department. In suggestion, federal loans for education should be limited, which would reduce the amount of college debt in America, which has recently exceeded the amount borrowed on credit cards. As there is frequently insight to what should encounter in the governments action, opinions of citizens persist. It is made clear in the arguments that government funds are needed in order for education to occur as the state funding and grants are not enough. Education is chief(prenominal) for all citizens because even the intelligent kids should be given the opportunity to receive a diploma in order to share their ideas in corporations or even a government position in their future. As there is the opposing factor that although all these funds poor into the school systems of lower level income areas, the testing scores still remain low which cause confrontation between the supporting and opposing parties. This occurs in every school system, as there are students with lower motivation in private schooling where their education is paid for by their parents and not the government. Government funds are also used to provide an income for what I think is one of the most important occupations in the United States, which is the career of teaching. Teachers often use their own funds to provide school materials, or to make the classroom environment more collaborative and energetic for students, but they are argued against as some citizens think they should no receive pay. While much of a schools budget is believed to be spent on the administration, there are other things that play into the factor of finances such as the cost of a new gymnasium facility to keep the students healthy, art room and supplies to allow creativity, books for the knowledge and development of the brain, as well as a vacation spot for the enjoyment of being a kid. A parent with three children and a $20,000 salary per year should not have to fight for their child a free education just because of their circumstances. I believe that government should require the local and state governments to pour their tax dollars into an education because it overall creates a better place. Public Finance plays into the issue because the collection of taxes is used for the public good in which this case, the public educate is the good. I am in support of government financial support in funding education, and firmly believe that it distributes good to our society through its outcome.References(2016, September 26). Speak Your beware Challenges Facing Higher Education. Retrieved treat08, 2017, from https//publicadministrationrevie w.org/speak-your-mind-challenges-facing-higher-education/(2006, April 27). An American imperative Public education. Retrieved edge 06, 2017, fromhttp//www.centerforpubliceducation.org/Main-Menu/Public-education/An-American-imperative-Public-educationSchool Finance. (n.d.). Retrieved March 06, 2017, fromhttp//www.edcentral.org/edcyclopedia/school-finance/Kober, N. (2007). Why We Still Need Public Schools. Retrieved fromhttp//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED503799.pdfJenkins, C. J., Hill, M. H. (2011). type Of Federal Government In Public Education Historical Perspectives. Retrieved March 06, 2017, fromhttp//lwv.org/content/role-federal-government-public-education%C2%A0-historical-perspectivesGale (2015). School Funding. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Accessed 6, Mar. 2017. Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints in Context,link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC3010999078/OVIC?u=uscaikenxid=48e25cca.

Phonetic Transcription And Progress In Speech Synthesis

phonetic Transcription And Progress In legal transfer Synthesis phonic placement (or phonetic nonation) is the visual rangeation of speech hold outs (or phones). The roughly universal type of phonetic recording uses a phonetic first principle (e.g., the planetary Phonetic Alphabet.The orthoepy of voice communication in legion(predicate) languages, as searching from their written form (orthography), has undergone signifi backt change over time. Pronunciation mickle also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Traditional orthography in some languages, particularly French and English, often differs from the pronunciation. For example, the words bough and trough do not rhyme in English, even though their spellings might draw out they do. In French, for example, the s at the end of words is usu eachy smooth (militaire is expressd the same as militaires) unless followed by a word go one in a vowel. In the orthography of most European languages, the feature that many earn ar pronounced or silent depending on contexts causes difficulties in determining the appropriate pronunciation, especially in the cases of English, Irish, and French. However, in other(a) languages, such as Spanish and Italian, on that point is a much consistent-though windlessness imperfect-relationship between orthography and pronunciation.Therefore, phonetic transcription can provide a function that orthography cannot. It displays a one-to-one relationship between signs and sounds, remote the traditional Roman first rudiment. Phonetic transcription allows us to step outdoors of orthography and examine differences in pronunciation between dialects at heart a given language, as well as to identify changes in pronunciation that whitethorn take place over time.Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may entreat to go further and define the very(prenominal) phonetic realisation. In all systems of transcription we may on that pointfore distinguish between full(a) transcription and specialize transcription. Broad transcription renders sole(prenominal) the more than noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas constringe transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the precise allophones in the utterance. The difference between bulky and narrow is a continuum. ace particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference, and, as the name implies, is not really a phonetic transcription at all, tho a representation of phonemic structure. the broad, phonemic transcription, placed between slashes, indicates merely that the word ends with phoneme /l/, that the narrow, allophonic transcription, placed between squ ar brackets, indicates that this final /l/ is shadower (velarized).The advantage of the narrow transcription is that it can help learners to get exactly the right sound, and allows linguists to make full pointed analyses of language variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is r arly representative of all speakers of a language. Most Americans and Australians would pronounce the /t/ of little as a tap . Many mountain in England would say /t/ as (a glottal stop) and/or the uphold /l/ as w or something similar. A further disadvantage in less technical contexts is that narrow transcription involves a larger number of signs which may be unfamiliar to non-specialists.The advantage of the broad transcription is that it usually allows statements to be made which apply across a more various(a) language community. It is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in foreign language dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic details in the preface but r atomic number 18ly give them for each entry. A govern of thumb in many linguistics contexts is therefore to use a narrow transcription when it is infallible for the point being made, but a broad transcr iption whenever doable.The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is one of the most popular and well-know phonetic alphabets. It was originally created by primarily British language teachers, with later efforts from European phoneticians and linguists. It has changed from its earlier intention as a tool of foreign language pedagogy to a practical alphabet of linguists. It is currently becoming the most often seen alphabet in the discipline of phonetics.Most American dictionaries for native English-speakers-American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, hit-or-miss House Dictionary of the English Language, Websters Third New International Dictionary-employ respelling systems found on the English alphabet, with diacritical marks over the vowels and stress marks. some other commonly encountered alphabetic tradition is the Americanist phonetic alphabet, originally created for the transcription of inwrought American and European languages. There personify somewhat similar tr aditions utilise by linguists of Indic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, and Slavic languages. The difference between these alphabets and IPA is small, although often the specially created characters of the IPA atomic number 18 often abandoned in favour of already existing characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters atomic number 18 borrowed from Eastern European orthographies).There are also encompassing versions of the IPA, for example extIPA, VoQs, and Luciano Caneparis.The IPA is not the only phonetic transcription system in use. The other common Latin-based system is the Americanist phonetic notation, devised for representing American languages, but use by some US linguists as an alternative to the IPA. There are also sets of symbols specific to Slavic, Indic, Finno-Ugric, and Caucasian linguistics, as well as other regional specialties. The differences between these alphabets and IPA are relatively small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favou r of diacritics or digraphs.Other alphabets, such as Hangul, may have their own phonetic extensions. There also exist featural phonetic transcription systems, such as Alexander Melville Bells macroscopic Speech and its derivatives.The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets . A transcription that specifically denotes only phonological contrasts may be enclosed in slashes / / instead. If one is in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes one makes a theoretical contain that every symbol within is phonemically contrastive for the language being transcribed.Phonetic transcriptions try to objectively impound the actual pronunciation of a word, whereas phonemic transcriptions are model-dependent. For example, in The right Pattern of English, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle transcribed the English word wickedness phonemically as /nixt/. In this model, the phoneme /x/ is n ever realized as x, but shows its presence by lengthening the preceding vowel. The preceding vowel in this case is the phoneme /i/, which is pronounced a when long. So phonemic /nixt/ is equivalent to phonetic but underlying this analysis is the belief that historical sounds such as the gh in night may remain in a word long subsequently they have ceased to be pronounced, or that a phoneme may exist in a language without ever being directly expressed. (This was later rejected by both Chomsky and Halle.)For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how close sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a basal idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a broad transcription in some cases this may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a narrow transcription. These are not binary choices, but the ends of a continuum, with man y possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets.Here every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound, but without exhalation into any unnecessary detail. None of these transcriptions make any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds. Instead, they represent certain ways in which it is possible to uncover the sounds that make up the word.There are also some(prenominal) possibilities in how to transcribe this word phonemically, but here the differences are generally not of precision, but of analysis. The special symbol for English r is not used, for it is not meaningful to distinguish it from a rolled r. The differences in the letter e think over claims as to what the essential difference is between the vowels of pretzel and pray there are half a dozen ideas in the literature as to what this may be. The second transcription claims that there are two vowels in the word, even if they cant both be heard, while the first claims there is only one.However, phonemic tr anscriptions may also be broad or narrow, or perhaps it would be better to say abstract vs. concrete. They may show a fair amount of phonetic detail, usually of a phonemes most common allophone, but because they are abstract symbols they do not need to resemble any sound at all directly. phonemic symbols ordain frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as often as possible, under a one sound one symbol policy, or may even be restricted to the ASCII symbols of a classifiable keyboard. For example, the English word church may be transcribed as in church. A close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as /crc/, which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be explained, especially when they are as divergent from actual / Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in pipes ( ). This goes beyond phonology into morphological analysis. For example, the words pets and beds could be transcribed phonetically as and (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as /pets/ and /bedz/. Because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English, they gather separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, you probably recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural form ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If you believe the plural ending is essentially an s, as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed pets and beds. If, as most linguists would probably suggest, it is essentially a z, these would be petz and bedz.To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the English word coal-black is not read as yet. This is done with angle brackets or chevrons jet plane. It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original languages orthography, and not in English transliteration. sign and SoundsThe International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the Lat in alphabet, victimization as few non-Latin forms as possible.The Association created the IPA so that the sound set of most consonants taken from the Latin alphabet would correspond to international usage. Hence, the letter b, d, f, (hard) , (non-silent) h, (unaspirated) k, l, m, n, (unaspirated) p, (voiceless) s, (unaspirated) t, v, w, and z have the values used in English and the vowels from the Latin alphabet (a, e, i, o, u) correspond to the sound values of Latin i is like the vowel in machine, u is as in rule, etc. Other garner may differ from English, but are used with these values in other European languages, such as j, r, and y.This inventory was extended by utilize capital or cursive forms, diacritics, and rotation. There are also several derived or taken from the Greek alphabet, though the sound values may differ. For example, is a vowel in Greek, but an only indirectly relate consonant in the IPA. Two of these ( and ) are used unmodified in form for others (including , , , , and ) subtly divergent glyph shapes have been devised, which may be encoded in Unicode separately from their parent letters.The sound values of modified Latin letters can often be derived from those of the original letters. For example, letters with a rightward-facing shop at the bottom represent retroflex consonants and small capital letters usually represent uvular consonants. Apart from the fact that certain kinds of readjustment to the shape of a letter generally correspond to certain kinds of passing to the sound be, there is no way to deduce the sound represented by a symbol from the shape of the symbol (unlike, for example, in Visible Speech).Beyond the letters themselves, there are a variety of auxiliary symbols which aid in transcription. Diacritic marks can be have with IPA letters to transcribe modified phonetic values or auxiliary articulations. There are also special symbols for suprasegmental features such as stress and tone that are often employed.Let ter FormsThe symbols chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet.For this reason, most symbols are either Latin or Greek letters, or modifications thereof. However, there are symbols that are neither for example, the symbol denoting the glottal stop, , has the form of a gelded question mark, and was originally an apostrophe. In fact, there are a few symbols, such as that of the verbalize pharyngeal fricative, , which, though modified to blend with the Latin alphabet, were inspired by glyphs in other writing systems (in this case, the Arabic letter ain)Despite its sense of taste for letters that harmonize with the Latin alphabet, the International Phonetic Association has now and then admitted symbols that do not have this property. For example, onward 1989, the IPA symbols for click consonants were , , -, and -, all of which were derived either from existing symbols, or from Latin and Greek letters. However, except for , none of these symbols was wide used among Khoisanists or Bantuists, and as a result they were replaced by the more widespread symbols , , , , and at the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989.Some of the new symbols were familiar Roman letters typeset turned (= upside-down) (e.g. ), which was easily done before mechanical typesetting machines came into use.UsageAlthough the IPA offers over a hundred symbols for transcribing speech, it is not necessary to use all relevant symbols at the same time it is possible to transcribe speech with various levels of precision. A precise phonetic transcription, in which sounds are described in a great deal of detail, is known as a narrow transcription. A coarser transcription which ignores some of this detail is called a broad transcription. Both are relative terms, and both are generally enclosed in square brackets. Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details, or only to details that are relevant to the discussion at hand, and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions, but they make no theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language.Phonetic transcriptions of the word international in two English dialects. The square brackets indicate that the differences between these dialects are not necessarily sufficient to distinguish different words in English.For example, the English word little may be transcribed broadly using the IPA as ltl, and this broad (imprecise) transcription is an accurate (approximately correct) description of many pronunciations.It is customary to use simpler letters, without a lot of diacritics, in phonemic transcriptions. The choice of IPA letters may reflect the theoretical claims of the author, or merely be a convenience for typesetting. For instance, in English, either the vowel of pick or the vowel of peak may be transcribed as /i/ (for the pairs /pik, pik/ or /pk, pik/), and neither is identical to the vowel of the French word annoyance w hich is also generally transcribed /i/. That is, letters between slashes do not have absolute values, something true of broader phonetic approximations as well. A narrow transcription may, however, be used to distinguish them pk, pik, pik.

Reflection on Social Work Group Task

Reflection on hearty draw Group TaskThis essay is going to reflect on learning gained from a radical lying-in carried out in the social unit lectures. I ordain explore crowd make for theories, collaborative and inter-disciplinary operative and the application of these theories in similarity to the group operation. I will similarly identify how I will uprise my utilize in similarity to my current skills and aras for development. Finally, I will similarly reflect on how I have developed my self-awareness, schoolmaster determine and overlord development, in relation to group regulate task and how this will inform my future professional practice.Toseland and Rivas (2008) define group blend in as a goal tell activity aimed at accomplishing tasks. Members of the group have the opportunity to share ideas, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, let in interactions and also share experiences. The group members develop feelings of mutual mutualness and a sense of belonging. Mart in and Rogers (2004) define inter-disciplinary conveys as a aggroup of individuals with antithetical professions, working collaboratively with a shared misgiving of goals, tasks and responsibilities. This collaborative working is fatalityed when the problems are complex, a consensus finality is required and also when different competencies are needed.According to Cheminais (2009), the approach to the collaborative working requires clarity on percentages, power, accountability and strategic planning. This was evident during the group work as the group worked collaboratively to share ideas and tasks were allocated to each member according to competencies and mutual understanding.Salas et al. (2012) call downs that, group work started from the perspective of people working in partnership for a reciprocal goal. The theories of group work by and by materialised in regard to the kinetics of group work and the they provide an understanding of human behaviour when people are work ing in groups. A group or team gage be understood by looking at Tuckman and Jensens (1977) feigning of group set upion which comprise of forming, storming, norming, performing and later adjourning.According to Tuckman and Jensen (1977), the forming set up is when the group members are establishing common interests and get to k at present genius some former(a)wise with the desire to be part of the group. Martin and Rogers (2004) states that, in an inter-disciplinary team this is the fix up where rank is established, team purpose is clarified, roles and boundaries are decided and interpersonal relationships begin.Tuchman and Jensen (1977) state that, storming spirit level may involve competing for ideas and perspectives, rules are developed and members may confront champion a nonher. Conflict may emerge and when unresolved, it burn inhi bite the teams progress. There is then the norming salute when members realise roles and responsibilities and an agenda is established. This stage involves belonging, suppuration and control. The performing stage is when the group is functional and tasks are implemented and evaluated. Finally, the adjourning stage involves the goals and objectives fulfilled and task completed.Tuckman and Jensens (1977) model of group formation tail be applied to different settings and groups and it is easy to use. The model is flexible and hind end be applied regardless of type of group or task. nevertheless the model has no clear demarcation of the stages and is a linear format although the first four stages may not be in sequence. It does not explain time spent in each stage or if the stage can be repeated as some of the stages can recur for example norming and perfoming stages. (Halverson 2008)Reflecting on the unit group task, I theorize my group went through Tuckman and Jensens (1977) model group formation which include the formingstage in which the group purpose was clarified. The group went through the stormimg stage and at that point, there were disagreements on what should be included and how the task will be presented. I was in favour for a presentation apply Power Point, stock-still the majority of the group voted for a role piddle which I thought was not going to address all the learning due to time allocated for the group to present. I was also a bit anxious for failing the task as the group had elected me to gather up the lead on the role play. At that time I felt up that the team wanted me to do most of the task and I spurned the ideas they were putting forward. I stand for I did this unconsciously because I clear my actions later on when my group members gave feedback.Belbins (2010) work identified roles in teams which each offer positive contributions to team working. The roles include co-ordinator, evaluator, maintainer, innovator, shaper, implementer, expert, investigator, team and completer, Reflecting on Belbins (2010) group roles, each team member brought strength and perspe ctives grounded in their discipline and experience. During the group work task, I had the experience and knowledge in relation to the task and I found myself leading the group on sourcing information. I got positive feedback from my group colleagues such(prenominal) as, goal oriented, researched well on the topic, contributed well and very good ideas on the role play, moreover I was criticised of being inflexible with ideas of others.The feedback brought awareness on how I work with others and will protagonist me in my practice. I echo I took the role of an implementer who turns the team concepts into practical actions and plans however, inflexible and somewhat reluctant to change. However reflecting on my experience from my previous placement when I was working on a get a line to enable young mothers to gain independent skills, the project failed because I lost interest as a result of constraint in obtaining the resources. I think at that time I took the role of an investigator .In Belbins (2010) model, an investigator explores opportunities and resources from many sources however can jump from one task to another and lose interest. Looking back at it, I think this was because I tend to do things in a integrated way and task oriented. The resources in the organisations did not allow me to do the task in time and I end up losing interest. I think in future I need to be flexible and think of other ways of working around the plan for the benefit of the portion users. I should also seek supervision with my manager to discuss such situations as it can provide best possible support. I later understood the situation of working in an organisation team by looking at the group system conjecture.According to Connors and Caple (2005), group systems theory provides an understanding of working with teams or groups in an organisation. They suggested that, group systems theory is stoopd by the interactions within the group and by the external environment. All the group members influence group dynamics however, the organisation in which the group work may impacts the group work with its boundaries, resources and leadership structures. I abandoned a project which was going to benefit the young mothers and in a way the residential area as well. Although this was due to organisational constraints, as a future social worker, I should try to balance responsibilities in a way that supports well-informed decision making, using professional judgement and accountability (British Association of neighborly Workers 2012).Salas et a.l (2012) state that, in order for me to be grounded in theories of group work, I need to formulate theoretical frameworks that are in alignment with my perspectives and inclinations. To achieve this I need to have knowledge of the strength and weaknesses of the frameworks I use. This will help me to select theories that are appropriate to the situation.The Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP) (2012) also states that, I shou ld understand the key concepts of the knowledge base relevant to social work so as to achieve change and development.Gilley et al. (2010) suggested that the purpose of a group is to accomplish the task and for the practitioner to develop effective interpersonal skills. As a social work student, in order to work collaboratively, I need to develop skills and knowledge in decision making, effective colloquy and task coordination and the ability to learn from others and embrace change (DAmour et al 2005). This is dictatorial as I will be working in teams with other professionals or agencies.From the unit group work, I have learnt that mutual understanding and collaboration is resilient for teamwork to be effective. Teamwork requires respecting each others values, beliefs and bases and also self awareness of my own beliefs, values and perspectives ( residence hall 2005).I also now have an understanding of the importance of effective communication, participative decision making and p ass judgment ideas of other when working in a team. The group work enabled me to develop skills in sharing of ideas and also how to relay and support my own viewpoint with confidence.According to Crawford (2012), I essential have an understanding of my own professional identity as a social worker so as to develop confidence in myself and work with other professionals effectively.The HCPC (2012) states that, I must be able to engage in inter-professional and inter-agency communication and work in partnership with other agencies as part of a multi-disciplinary team. It is also vital that I develop self awareness of my behaviour and values.According to Hall (2005), as values are internalised, they can be invisible to other team members thereby creating obstacles in inter-professional working. As a result, I must make my professional values clear to other professionals I work with and also have an understanding of their values.The College of Social Work (2014) states that, as a social worker, I need to develop skills, competencies and the ability to recognise the challenges and dynamics of team-working and also have an awareness of team cultures so as to be able to work effectively in a multi-disciplinary team.The group work task and the feedback I received from my colleagues enabled me to develop awareness on how I work with others and I also managed to learn about my strengths and weaknesses. For example fetching the role of an implementer I was able to execute a plan however resistant to change. I have also learnt that I need to have it off and appreciate the differences and adjust, adapt, and mirror interpersonal interactions when interacting with others. In future, I need to take into consideration other peoples ideas as there are different approaches to tasks and also appreciate other peoples experiences and values especially when working with professional of different background as mine.ReferencesThe College of Social Work (2014) Roles and functions of social workers in England http//www.tcsw.org.uk/uploadedfiles/thecollege/_collegelibrary/policy/rolesfunctionsadvicenote.pdfDAmour, D, Ferrada-Videla, M, Rodriguez, L, Beaulieu, M 2005, The conceptual grounding for interprofessional collaboration core concepts and theoretical frameworks,Journal Of Interprofessional Care, 19, pp. 116-131, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 awful 2014.http//0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?nobk=yvid=4emailprotectedhid=102Claire B. Halverson, S. Aqeel TirmiziEffective Multicultural Teams Theory and Practice theory and practiceBritish Association of Social Workers (2012) The Code of Ethics for Social Work Statement of Principleshttp//cdn.basw.co.uk/upload/basw_112315-7.pdf